Chemical nomenclature

Gaseous signaling molecules

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Chemical reactions

Refrigerants

Coordination chemistry

Oxidation state

redox

Hydrogen

Zn + N O 3- + H+ ?Zn2+ + N H 4+ + H 2O Which statement about this reaction is correct? The oxidation number of H changes from +1 to 0 The oxidation number of H changes from +1 to -1 The oxidation number of N changes from +5 to -3 The oxidation number of N changes from +5 to +3 The oxidation number of N changes from +6 to +4 Assign oxidation numbers to each element Zinc goes from 0 to +2 (lost 2 electrons) N goes from +5 to -3 (gained 8 electrons) C 100 0 +5 -2 -3 +1 +1 -2 2H2O2(g) + S(s) ? SO2(g) + 2H2O(g) What is the enthalpy change in the reaction? C 200 Substance ?Hf (kJ/mol) H2O2(g) -150 S(s) 0 SO2(g) -300 H2O(g) -250 -500 kJ -200 kJ 200 kJ 400 kJ 600 kJ [2(-250) + (-300) ] ? [2(-150) + 0] = -500 C 300 CH3CH2OH(g) + ___O2(g) ? ___CO2(g) + ___H2O(g)

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 22 Notes

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Functional Groups

organic chemistry

Isomerism

Alkanes

Alkene

Alkyne

Ether

1 AP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic Chemistry 22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Straight-chain Hydrocarbons 1. Straight-chain alkanes have the formula CnH2n+2 2. Carbons are sp3 hybridized The First 10 Alkanes # of Carbons Name Formula (CnH2n+2) 1 Methane CH4 2 Ethane C2H6 3 Propane C3H8 4 Butane C4H10 5 Pentane C5H12 6 Hexane C6H14 7 Heptane C7H16 8 Octane C8H18 9 Nonane C9H20 10 Decane C10H22 B. Structural Isomers 1. Same formula, but the atoms are bonded together in a different order 2. Different bonding order results in different properties C4H10 Butane C4H10 2-methylpropane C. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) 1. For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms

Nomenclature - Notes

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ions

Chemical elements

IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry

Oxide

Cobalt

Chemical Nomenclature Review Chemical Formulas Identify a compound. Use subscripts to tell how many of each element. Subscript outside of ( ) distributes only to the elements inside of the ( ). Ions Are charged particles: protons ? electrons Types of Ions Cations (metals) positive charge after LOSING electron(s) Anions (nonmetals) negative charge after GAINING electron(s). Monotomic: formed from a single atom. Polyatomic: formed from more than one type of atom. Ions ATOM Chlorine Bromine Sulfur Oxygen Iodine ION Chloride Bromide Sulfide Oxide Iodide Types of Nomenclature Based on First Element!!! Type I: Metal / Non-metal Type II: Transition Metal / Non-metal Type III: Non-metal / Non-metal Example - Metal is from Groups 1, 2 or 13 Type 1

Naming Polyatomic Ions - Notes

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Acids

IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry

ions

Oxoanions

Cations

Polyatomic ion

Oxoacid

Oxidation state

Sulfate

Nonmetal

Nitrate

Naming polyatomic ions and acids Definition Polyatomic ions are similar to monatomic ions in that they both have an ionic charge (+ or -). Polyatomic ions are made of two or more atoms that act as a unit Examples ? Naming compounds with polyatomic ions Nitrate ion NO3-1 Phosphate ion PO4-3 Sulfate ion SO4-2 Ammonium ion NH4+1 Naming polyatomic ions The name of the ion usually ends in either -ite or -ate. The -ite ending indicates a low oxidation state (NO-2 ion - nitrite ion). The -ate ending indicates a high oxidation state (NO-3 ion - nitrate ion). Naming polyatomic ions Prefixes also can be used. The prefix hypo- indicates the very lowest oxidation state. (ClO- ion - hypochlorite ion)

Chemical Nomenclature - Notes

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ions

Carbon

Notes ? chemical nomenclature/naming compounds Ch 6.3-6.6 Monoatomic noble gases These are the noble gases. These are elements that exist in nature as isolated elements. They do not combine with other elements to form compounds (as far as this class is concerned). Diatomic Molecules Diatomic elements or molecules ? compounds made of two atoms of the same element I2 Br2 Cl2 F2 O2 N2 H2 Binary compounds made of at least 2 different elements Three types Type 1 ? metals and nonmetals Type 2 ? metals and nonmetals Type 3 ? nonmetals and nonmetals Type 1 Ionic compounds that contain a metal and nonmetal Metal forms one cation (from group 1, 2, 13) the nonmetal forms the anion Write the Cation first and the anion second, put an ?-ide? on the end of the nonmetal

BIO CH 3 TEST

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Functional Groups

Isomer

Carbon

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life This chapter focuses on the chemistry of carbon and organic compounds. Students should be able to identify the nature of the bonds between carbon and other elements (nonpolar versus polar), the different types of weak bonds and interactions, the various types of isomers, the basic functional groups of organic molecules, and their relative solubility in water. The abiotic formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is important in the origin of life. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) nitrogen. E) phosphorus. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

AP BIO Chapter 04

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organic chemistry

Isomer

Carbon

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life This chapter focuses on the chemistry of carbon and organic compounds. Students should be able to identify the nature of the bonds between carbon and other elements (nonpolar versus polar), the different types of weak bonds and interactions, the various types of isomers, the basic functional groups of organic molecules, and their relative solubility in water. The abiotic formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is important in the origin of life. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) nitrogen. E) phosphorus. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

AP BIO CHP 4 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life This chapter focuses on the chemistry of carbon and organic compounds. Students should be able to identify the nature of the bonds between carbon and other elements (nonpolar versus polar), the different types of weak bonds and interactions, the various types of isomers, the basic functional groups of organic molecules, and their relative solubility in water. The abiotic formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is important in the origin of life. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) nitrogen. E) phosphorus. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

Chapter 3

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Chemistry 1210: General Chemistry Dr. Gina M. Florio 06 September 2012 Lecture Notes Jespersen, Brady, Hyslop, CH 3 Elements, Compounds, and the Periodic Table Structure of the Atom Atom consists of smaller (subatomic) particles: Protons (positively charged) Neutrons (no charge) Electrons (negatively charged) Found in the atomic nucleus e ?1 0 Electrons H+ 1 1 p 1 1 , Protons and n 0 1 Neutrons Matter is typically neutral ? equal number protons and electrons per atom Size: If diameter of nucleus = 1 foot, then diameter of atom ~ 1.9 miles! Ch. 3.1 2 Chapter 1.6 Identification of Atoms Each atom has two ID numbers: 1. Atomic Number (Z) Z = Number of protons Element ? a substance whose atoms contain the same number of protons ? a substance with a unique atomic number, Z Isotope

Campbell AP Bio Study Guide Chapter 4

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