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Haloalkane

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 22 Notes

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Chemistry
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Functional Groups
organic chemistry
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Alkanes
Alkene
Alkyne
Hydrocarbon
Haloalkane
Cycloalkane
Aromatic hydrocarbon
Ether

1 AP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic Chemistry 22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Straight-chain Hydrocarbons 1. Straight-chain alkanes have the formula CnH2n+2 2. Carbons are sp3 hybridized The First 10 Alkanes # of Carbons Name Formula (CnH2n+2) 1 Methane CH4 2 Ethane C2H6 3 Propane C3H8 4 Butane C4H10 5 Pentane C5H12 6 Hexane C6H14 7 Heptane C7H16 8 Octane C8H18 9 Nonane C9H20 10 Decane C10H22 B. Structural Isomers 1. Same formula, but the atoms are bonded together in a different order 2. Different bonding order results in different properties C4H10 Butane C4H10 2-methylpropane C. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) 1. For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms

Organic Chapter 10 ppt

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Chemistry
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Alcohol
Grignard reaction
Carboxylic acid
Haloalkane
Ether
Ketone
Alkoxide
Carbonyl
Organolithium reagent

Chapter 10 Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 10 * Structure of Alcohols Hydroxyl (-OH) functional group Oxygen is sp3 hybridized. Versatile synthetic intermediates Chapter 10 Chapter 10 * Classification Determined by carbinol carbon atom: Primary: carbon with ?OH is bonded to one other carbon. Secondary: carbon with ?OH is bonded to two other carbons. Tertiary: carbon with ?OH is bonded to three other carbons. Aromatic (phenol): -OH is bonded to a benzene ring. Chapter 10 Chapter 10 * Classify these: Chapter 10 Chapter 10 * IUPAC Nomenclature Find the longest carbon chain containing the carbon with the -OH group.

Organic Chapter 6 ppt

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SN2 reaction
Nucleophilic substitution
SN1 reaction
Nucleophile
Allylic rearrangement
Haloalkane
Elimination reaction
Electrophile
Electrophile
Solvent effects

Chapter 6 Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Organic Chemistry, 6h Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 6 * Classes of Halides Alkyl: Halogen, X, is directly bonded to sp3 carbon. Most reactions result from breaking of this bond. C ? X bond is polar (EN difference) C is slightly positive ? electrophilic (can be attacked by nucleophile) X can leave with electrons ? elimination X can be replaced with another functional group ? substitution Chapter 6 Chapter 6 * Classes of Halides Examples: CHCl3 ? chloroform (solvent) CHClF2 ? freon-22 (refrigerant) CCl3 ? CH3 ? 1,1,1-trichloroethane (cleaning fluid) CF3 ? CHClBr ? halothane (nonflammable anesthetic) Chapter 6 Chapter 6 * Classes of Halides Vinyl: X is bonded to sp2 carbon of alkene. Examples:

Chem Ch. 8

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Organic reactions
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SN1 reaction
Nucleophilic substitution
SN2 reaction
Haloalkane
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Nucleophile
Christopher Kelk Ingold
Ether
behavior
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Computer file formats
Electronic documents
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8.1 Functional Group Transformation by Nucleophilic Substitution Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides are related to elimination reactions in that the halogen acts as a leaving group on carbon and is lost as an anion. The carbon-halogen bond of the alkyl halide is broken heterolytically: the two electrons in that bond are lost with the leaving group. The most frequently encountered nucleophiles are anions, which are used as their lithium, sodium, or potassium salts. If we use M to represent lithium, sodium, or potassium, some representative nucleophilic reagents are Table 8.1 illustrates an application of each of these to a functional group transformation. The

Psyc Ch. 6

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Alkene
Hydroboration–oxidation reaction
Electrophile
Hydroboration
Electrophilic addition
Haloalkane
Hydrogenation
Carbonyl
Epoxide
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Alkenes are commonly described as unsaturated hydrocarbons because they have the capacity to react with substances that add to them. Alkanes, on the other hand, are saturated hydrocarbons and are incapable of undergoing addition reactions. 6.1 Hydrogenation of Alkenes The relationship between reactants and products in addition reactions can be illustrated by the hydrogenation of alkenes to yield alkanes. Hydrogenation is the addition of H 2 to a multiple bond, as illustrated in the conversion of ethylene to ethane. The reaction is exothermic and is characterized by a negative sign for ?H?. Indeed, hydrogenation of all alkenes is exothermic. The heat given off is called the heat of hydrogenation and cited without a sign. In other words, heat of hydrogenation = -?H?.

Psyc Ch. 4

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Physical organic chemistry
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Carbocation
Cations
Haloalkane
Electrophile
Tert-Butanol
SN1 reaction
Alcohol
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behavior
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Love
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Alcohols and Alkyl Halides: Introduction to Reaction Mechanisms In this chapter we explore structure and reactivity in more detail by developing two concepts: functional groups and reaction mechanisms. A functional group is the atom or group in a molecule most responsible for the reaction the compound undergoes under a prescribed set of conditions. How the structure of the reactant is transformed to that of the product is what we mean by the reaction mechanism. 4.1 Functional Groups Table 4.1 lists the major families of organic compounds covered in this text and their functional groups. 4.2 IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides The IUPAC rules permit alkyl halides to be named in two different ways, called functional class

Hydorcarbons

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Stereochemistry
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons
Cycloalkane
Alkene
Cyclopropane
Haloalkane
Aliphatic compound
Hydorcarbons

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Hydrocarbons: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Dr. Geetu Gambhir E-340, Greater Kailash II New Delhi -110048 (31.07.2006) CONTENTS Introduction Alkanes Nomenclature of branched and unbranched Alkanes Condensed Structures Isomerism Classification of Carbon Substitution Sources Preparation Properties Reactions Cycloalkanes Classification Methods of preparation Properties Baeyer?s strain theory Ring strain in Cycloalkanes Reactions 1 Introduction With the key element carbon, organic compounds contain large chemical diversity. They contain wide variety of elements and varisity in the structures. This is due to the unique property of

SAT Chem Orgo

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Acids
Alkane
Carbon
Haloalkane
Hydrogen bond
Nitric acid
Amino acid
Environment

Carbon and Organic Chemistry Carbon?Three allotropic forms: Diamond, graphite, and amorphous Fullerens?New allotropic form of carbon?Near sperical cages of carbon atoms Diamond?Close-pakced crystal structure that gives a property of extreme hardness Carbon?Bonded to four other carbons in a tetraheral arragement Almost endless number of covalent ponds All bonds in this structure are equally strong, therefore very hard and notriously difficult to melt Diamond?Melting point at 3,550 degrees celsius. Synthetic diamonds can be made by putting carbon to extremely high pressurs and temperature Graphite form is made up of planes of hexagonal structures that are wealkly bonded to the planes above and below?Explains the slippery feeling of graphite
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