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Functional Groups

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 22 Notes

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Chemistry
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Functional Groups
organic chemistry
Chemical nomenclature
Isomerism
Alkanes
Alkene
Alkyne
Hydrocarbon
Haloalkane
Cycloalkane
Aromatic hydrocarbon
Ether

1 AP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic Chemistry 22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Straight-chain Hydrocarbons 1. Straight-chain alkanes have the formula CnH2n+2 2. Carbons are sp3 hybridized The First 10 Alkanes # of Carbons Name Formula (CnH2n+2) 1 Methane CH4 2 Ethane C2H6 3 Propane C3H8 4 Butane C4H10 5 Pentane C5H12 6 Hexane C6H14 7 Heptane C7H16 8 Octane C8H18 9 Nonane C9H20 10 Decane C10H22 B. Structural Isomers 1. Same formula, but the atoms are bonded together in a different order 2. Different bonding order results in different properties C4H10 Butane C4H10 2-methylpropane C. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) 1. For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms

AP Bio Chp 4

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Biology
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organic chemistry
Isomerism
Functional Groups
Isomer
Carbon
molecule
Chemical bond
Carbohydrate
Hydroxyl

AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Concept 4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 1. Study this figure of Stanley Miller?s experiment to simulate conditions thought to have existed on the early Earth. Explain the elements of this experiment, using arrows to indicate what occurs in various parts of the apparatus. 2. What was collected in the sample for chemical analysis? What was concluded from the results of this experiment?

quiz 3

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Biology
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Genetics
DNA
Biotechnology
Biomolecules
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl
Carboxylic acid
Amino acid
Acid
Nucleotide
Peptide
Nucleic acid

Which of these functional groups does not contain oxygen? a. carboxyl b. phosphate c. sulfhydryl d. hydroxyl e. carbonyl What is the definition of an isomer? a. active and inactive versions of a molecule b. molecules made up of the same elements c. molecules with different structures but similar functions d. molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures e. molecules with the same structure but different molecular formulas

BIO CH 3 TEST

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Biology
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Functional Groups
Chemical nomenclature
Chemistry
Isomerism
Chemical elements
Isomer
Hydroxyl
Amino acid
Hydrogen bond
Chemical formula
organic chemistry
Carbon

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life This chapter focuses on the chemistry of carbon and organic compounds. Students should be able to identify the nature of the bonds between carbon and other elements (nonpolar versus polar), the different types of weak bonds and interactions, the various types of isomers, the basic functional groups of organic molecules, and their relative solubility in water. The abiotic formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is important in the origin of life. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) nitrogen. E) phosphorus. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

Organic Chapter 11 ppt

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
organic chemistry
Functional Groups
Alcohol
Tosyl
Alkene
Ether
Aldehyde
Carboxylic acid
Pyridinium chlorochromate
Jones oxidation
Electrophile
Electrophile

Chapter 11 Reactions of Alcohols Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 11 * Types of Alcohol Reactions Dehydration to alkene Oxidation to aldehyde, ketone, acids Substitution to form alkyl halide Reduction to alkane Esterification Tosylation Williamson synthesis of ether => Chapter 11 Chapter 11 * Summary Table => Chapter 11 Chapter 11 * Oxidation States Easy for inorganic salts CrO42- reduced to Cr2O3 KMnO4 reduced to MnO2 Oxidation: loss of H2, gain of O, O2, or X2 Reduction: gain of H2 or H-, loss of O, O2, or X2 Neither: gain or loss of H+, H2O, HX => Chapter 11 Chapter 11 * 1?, 2?, 3? Carbons => Chapter 11 Chapter 11 * Sample Problems (1)

Organic Chapter 10 ppt

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
organic chemistry
Functional Groups
Alcohol
Grignard reaction
Carboxylic acid
Haloalkane
Ether
Ketone
Alkoxide
Carbonyl
Organolithium reagent

Chapter 10 Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 10 * Structure of Alcohols Hydroxyl (-OH) functional group Oxygen is sp3 hybridized. Versatile synthetic intermediates Chapter 10 Chapter 10 * Classification Determined by carbinol carbon atom: Primary: carbon with ?OH is bonded to one other carbon. Secondary: carbon with ?OH is bonded to two other carbons. Tertiary: carbon with ?OH is bonded to three other carbons. Aromatic (phenol): -OH is bonded to a benzene ring. Chapter 10 Chapter 10 * Classify these: Chapter 10 Chapter 10 * IUPAC Nomenclature Find the longest carbon chain containing the carbon with the -OH group.

Organic Chapter 9 ppt

Subject: 
Chemistry
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Chemistry
organic chemistry
Functional Groups
Alkyne
Hydroboration–oxidation reaction
Alkene
Hydroboration
Aldehyde
Ketone
Ozonolysis
Acetylene
Hydrogenation

Chapter 9 Alkynes Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 9 * Introduction Alkynes (a.k.a. acetylenes) contain a triple bond. General formula is CnH2n-2. Two elements of unsaturation for each triple bond. Some reactions are like alkenes: addition and oxidation. Some reactions are specific to alkynes. Chapter 9 Alkynes in Nature Chapter 9 * Nomenclature: IUPAC Find the longest chain containing the triple bond. Change -ane ending to -yne. Number the chain, starting at the end closest to the triple bond. Give branches or other substituents a number to locate their position. => Chapter 9 Chapter 9 * Name these: propyne 5-bromo-2-pentyne

Organic Chapter 7 ppt

Subject: 
Chemistry
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Chemistry
Functional Groups
Stereochemistry
Isomerism
Organic compounds
Alkenes
Cis–trans isomerism
Hydrogenation
Elimination reaction
Butene
Double bond
Cyclohexane conformation

Chapter 7 Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes Jo Blackburn Richland College, Dallas, TX Dallas County Community College District ? 2006, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 7 * Introduction Hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds Sometimes called olefins Term derived from olefiant gas meaning ?oil-forming gas? Originates with early experiments and the oily appearance of alkene derivatives Chapter 7 Chapter 7 * Characteristics Among most important industrial compounds and found in many plants and animals Ethylene ? a.k.a. ethene largest volume industrial organic compound used to make polyethylene and others Pinene ? major component of turpentine ? paint solvent distilled from extracts of evergreen trees Chapter 7 Chapter 7 *

Psyc Ch. 6

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Psychology
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Chemistry
organic chemistry
Functional Groups
Alkene
Hydroboration–oxidation reaction
Electrophile
Hydroboration
Electrophilic addition
Haloalkane
Hydrogenation
Carbonyl
Epoxide
Human development
behavior
Attachment theory
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Human behavior
Psychoanalysis
Personal life
Portable Document Format
Technology

Alkenes are commonly described as unsaturated hydrocarbons because they have the capacity to react with substances that add to them. Alkanes, on the other hand, are saturated hydrocarbons and are incapable of undergoing addition reactions. 6.1 Hydrogenation of Alkenes The relationship between reactants and products in addition reactions can be illustrated by the hydrogenation of alkenes to yield alkanes. Hydrogenation is the addition of H 2 to a multiple bond, as illustrated in the conversion of ethylene to ethane. The reaction is exothermic and is characterized by a negative sign for ?H?. Indeed, hydrogenation of all alkenes is exothermic. The heat given off is called the heat of hydrogenation and cited without a sign. In other words, heat of hydrogenation = -?H?.

Psyc Ch. 4

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Psychology
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Chemistry
organic chemistry
Functional Groups
Physical organic chemistry
Substitution reactions
Carbocation
Cations
Haloalkane
Electrophile
Tert-Butanol
SN1 reaction
Alcohol
Human development
behavior
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Human behavior
Psychoanalysis
Attachment theory
Personal life
Portable Document Format
Technology

Alcohols and Alkyl Halides: Introduction to Reaction Mechanisms In this chapter we explore structure and reactivity in more detail by developing two concepts: functional groups and reaction mechanisms. A functional group is the atom or group in a molecule most responsible for the reaction the compound undergoes under a prescribed set of conditions. How the structure of the reactant is transformed to that of the product is what we mean by the reaction mechanism. 4.1 Functional Groups Table 4.1 lists the major families of organic compounds covered in this text and their functional groups. 4.2 IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides The IUPAC rules permit alkyl halides to be named in two different ways, called functional class

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