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Hydrogen bond

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 10 Notes

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Chemistry
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Chemical bonding
Gases
Materials science
intermolecular forces
Chemical properties
Properties of water
Chemical bond
Molecular solid
Hydrogen bond
Vapor pressure
Enthalpy of vaporization
Boiling point

1 Chapter 10 - Liquids and Solids 10.1 Intermolecular Forces A. Dipole-Dipole Forces 1. Attraction between molecules with dipole moments a. Maximizes (+) ----- ( - ) interactions b. Minimizes (+) ----- ( + ) and (-) ----- ( - ) interactions 2. About 1% of strength of ionic bonds a. Unimportant in gas phase due to distance between molecules B. Hydrogen Bonding 1. Special dipole-dipole attraction a. Hydrogen covalently bonded to highly electronegative elements (N, O, F) has a higher than normal d+ charge 2. Bond strength is higher than other dipole-dipole attractions 3. Important in the bonding of molecules such as water and DNA C. London Dispersion Forces 1. Instantaneous dipoles a. Random movement of electrons can create a momentary

Raven Biology Chapter 2 Notes

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Biology
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Chemical bonding
Chemical bond
Hydrogen bond
Covalent bond
Chemistry
Properties of water
Chemical polarity
Chemical reaction
molecule
Ionic bonding
Energy level
Hydrogen

Gavin Morgan 8/31/2015 Chapter 2 2-Point Notes The Nature of Atoms Atomic structure includes a central nucleus and orbiting electrons: 1. Danish physicist Niels Bohr created the model of the atom in 1913, which is still used today. 2. An atom?s mass is measured in daltons (6.02 x 1023 daltons = 1 g). A proton and neutron each way 1 dalton. Electrons determine the chemical behavior of atoms: 1. The position of an electron cannot be determined at any given time. 2. Orbitals are predictions where electrons are most likely to be found. Atoms contain discrete energy levels: 1. Electrons contain discrete energy levels which correspond to quanta.

Campbell9thEdChapter2ChemicalContextofLife

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Biology
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Chemical bonding
Chemical bond
Covalent bond
Valence electron
Valence
Ionic bonding
Chemistry
Lewis structure
Electronegativity
Atomic orbital
Hydrogen bond
ion

The Chemical Context of Life Chapter 2 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds Organisms are composed of matter Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Elements and Compounds Matter is made up of elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio A compound has characteristics different from those of its elements ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.3 Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride The Elements of Life About 20?25% of the 92 elements are essential to life, but it varies among organisms Humans need 25 elements while plants only need 17 elements

Campell9EdChapter3WaterandLife

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Biology
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Inorganic solvents
Bases
Equilibrium chemistry
Physical chemistry
Acids
Properties of water
Hydrogen bond
water
Solution
Acid
Hydronium
solubility

Water and Life Chapter 3 Overview: The Molecule That Supports All of Life Water is the biological medium on Earth All living organisms require water more than any other substance Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about 70?95% water The abundance of water is the main reason the Earth is habitable ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding The water molecule is a polar molecule: the opposite ends have opposite charges Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.2 Hydrogen bond Polar covalent bonds ? ? ? + ? + ? ? ? ? ? + ? + ? ? Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth?s suitability for life

AP Bio Chp 3

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Biology
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Equilibrium chemistry
Inorganic solvents
Oxides
Acids
Physical chemistry
Properties of water
PH
Hydronium
water
Hydrogen bond
Acid
Solution

AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment Concept 3.1 The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding 1. Study the water molecules at the right. On the central molecule, label oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H). 2. What is a polar molecule? Why is water considered polar? 3. Now, add + and ? signs to indicate the charged regions of each molecule. Then, indicate the hydrogen bonds. 4. Explain hydrogen bonding. How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form?

AP Bio Chp 2 2

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Biology
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Chemical bonding
Chemistry
Quantum chemistry
Chemical properties
Chemical bond
molecule
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Valence electron
electron
Chemical reaction
Valence

AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life This chapter covers the basics that you may have learned in your chemistry class. Whether your teacher goes over this chapter, or assigns it for you do review on your own, the questions that follow should help you focus on the most important points. Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds 1. Define and give an example of the following terms: matter element compound 2. What four elements make up 96% of all living matter?

Ap Bio Chp 2

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Biology
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Chemical bonding
Chemistry
Quantum chemistry
Chemical properties
Chemical bond
molecule
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Valence electron
electron
Chemical reaction
Valence

AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life This chapter covers the basics that you may have learned in your chemistry class. Whether your teacher goes over this chapter, or assigns it for you do review on your own, the questions that follow should help you focus on the most important points. Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds 1. Define and give an example of the following terms: matter element compound 2. What four elements make up 96% of all living matter?

quiz 2

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Biology
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Inorganic solvents
Oxides
Physical chemistry
Chemical bonding
Supramolecular chemistry
Properties of water
Solution
Chemistry
Chemical bond
Hydrogen bond
water
Benzene

Magnesium has 12 protons. How many electrons are in its second energy level? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 e.10 Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium? a. The concentration of products equals the concentration of reactants. b. Both forward and reverse reactions have halted. c. The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. d. The reaction is now irreversible e. No reactants remain.

BIO CH 3 TEST

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Biology
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Functional Groups
Chemical nomenclature
Chemistry
Isomerism
Chemical elements
Isomer
Hydroxyl
Amino acid
Hydrogen bond
Chemical formula
organic chemistry
Carbon

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life This chapter focuses on the chemistry of carbon and organic compounds. Students should be able to identify the nature of the bonds between carbon and other elements (nonpolar versus polar), the different types of weak bonds and interactions, the various types of isomers, the basic functional groups of organic molecules, and their relative solubility in water. The abiotic formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is important in the origin of life. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) nitrogen. E) phosphorus. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

BIO CH 2 TEST

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Biology
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Chemical bonding
Chemical properties
Chemistry
Quantum chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry
Chemical bond
Valence
Proton
Ionic bonding
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Atom

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life This chapter presents basic chemical principles for understanding the chemical context of living organisms, from atomic structure to the nature of chemical bonds and an introduction to chemical equilibrium. These questions focus on elements most important to life or the study of life, including the elements that comprise organic molecules and important trace elements. Some isotopes are important in geologic dating and in biological tracer studies. How elements participate in forming different types of chemical bonds is essential to mastering subsequent topics on the behavior and properties of biological molecules, structures, and energy metabolism. Multiple-Choice Questions

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