Acids

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Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

Acid dissociation constant

Acid

PH

Weak base

1 Chapter 14 - Acids and Bases 14.1 The Nature of Acids and Bases A. Arrhenius Model 1. Acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions 2. Bases produce hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions B. Bronsted-Lowry Model 1. Acids are proton donors 2. Bases are proton acceptors 3. H3O+ is called the hydronium ion C. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 1. A conjugate base is what remains after an acid has donated a proton a. Cl- is the conjugate base of HCl 2. A conjugate acid is what is formed when a base accepts a proton base acid acid base 3. HCl is a stronger base than H3O+ (H+) so the equilibrium lies far to the right D. Acid Dissociation Constant 1. ][ ]][[ HCl ClHKa -+ = a. water is not included because, in dilute solution, the concentration of

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 4 Notes

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AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 4 Notes - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Chemistry 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent A. Structure of water 1. Oxygen's electronegativity is high (3.5) and hydrogen's is low (2.1) 2. Water is a bent molecule 3. Water is a polar molecule B. Hydration of Ionic Solute Molecules 1. Positive ions attracted to the oxygen end of water 2. Negative ions attracted to the hydrogen end of water C. Hydration of Polar Solute Molecules 1. Negative end of polar solute molecules are attracted to water's hydrogen 2. Positive end of polar solute molecules are attracted to water's oxygen D. "Like Dissolves Like" 1. Polar and ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents like water 2. Nonpolar compounds like fats dissolve in nonpolar solvents like ____ ?_____

Naming Polyatomic Ions - Notes

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IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry

Chemical nomenclature

ions

Oxoanions

Cations

Polyatomic ion

Oxoacid

Oxidation state

Sulfate

Nonmetal

Nitrate

Naming polyatomic ions and acids Definition Polyatomic ions are similar to monatomic ions in that they both have an ionic charge (+ or -). Polyatomic ions are made of two or more atoms that act as a unit Examples ? Naming compounds with polyatomic ions Nitrate ion NO3-1 Phosphate ion PO4-3 Sulfate ion SO4-2 Ammonium ion NH4+1 Naming polyatomic ions The name of the ion usually ends in either -ite or -ate. The -ite ending indicates a low oxidation state (NO-2 ion - nitrite ion). The -ate ending indicates a high oxidation state (NO-3 ion - nitrate ion). Naming polyatomic ions Prefixes also can be used. The prefix hypo- indicates the very lowest oxidation state. (ClO- ion - hypochlorite ion)

Campell9EdChapter3WaterandLife

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Biology

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Inorganic solvents

water

Acid

Water and Life Chapter 3 Overview: The Molecule That Supports All of Life Water is the biological medium on Earth All living organisms require water more than any other substance Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about 70?95% water The abundance of water is the main reason the Earth is habitable ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding The water molecule is a polar molecule: the opposite ends have opposite charges Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.2 Hydrogen bond Polar covalent bonds ? ? ? + ? + ? ? ? ? ? + ? + ? ? Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth?s suitability for life

AP Bio Chp 3

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Biology

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Inorganic solvents

Oxides

PH

water

Acid

AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment Concept 3.1 The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding 1. Study the water molecules at the right. On the central molecule, label oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H). 2. What is a polar molecule? Why is water considered polar? 3. Now, add + and ? signs to indicate the charged regions of each molecule. Then, indicate the hydrogen bonds. 4. Explain hydrogen bonding. How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form?

Organic Chapter 1 ppt

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Chemical bonding

Acid-base chemistry

Lewis acids and bases

Acid–base reaction

Technology

Chapter 1 Introduction and Review Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 1 * Definitions Old: ?derived from living organisms? New: ?chemistry of carbon compounds? From inorganic to organic, vitalism and W?hler, 1828 => Chapter 1 Chapter 1 * Atomic Structure Atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons determines the identity of the element. Some atoms of the same element have a different number of neutrons. These are called isotopes. Example: 12C, 13C, and 14C => Chapter 1 Chapter 1 * Electronic Structure Electrons: outside the nucleus, in orbitals. Electrons have wave properties. Electron density is the probability of finding the electron in a particular part of an orbital.

Chapter 5a

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Chemistry 1210: Introduction to General Chemistry Dr. Gina M. Florio 20 Sept. 2012 Jespersen, Brady, Hyslop Chapter 5A Molecular View of Reactions in Aqueous Solution A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which the two or more components mix freely. The solvent is taken as the component present in the largest amount. A solute is any substance dissolved in the solvent. Definitions CH. 5.1 Example of a Solution Formation of a solution of iodine molecules in ethyl alcohol where ethyl alcohol is the solvent and iodine the solute: CH. 5.1 Crystal of I2 placed in ethanol: A solution of I2 in ethanol: Properties of Solutions: Qualitative Composition The relative amounts of solute and solvent are often given without specifying the actual quantities.

Bio_160_Lecture1

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Biology

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Functional Groups

Organic compounds

Monomer

Biology 160 Lecture 1 Introduction, Chemistry and Molecules Introductory Concepts for Studying Biology & Science ? Chapter 1 What is science? ? Knowledge gained through careful observation, experimentation and reasoning. ? Science is: ? Explanatory ? Testable ? Reproducible ? Predictive ? Tentative Questions of Science Scientific discoveries create complex questions: ? Ex. Atom ? Should scientists be free to pursue any research? ? Cloning/Stem cell. ? Should government control scientific progress? ? Progression of science. ? Research normally follows a logical progression. ? Interest focuses on problems that impact humanity. The Importance of Publication ? Results of research are submitted for publication. ? peer review by other

CHEM 1A midterm 2 2012

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Acid dissociation constant

Methyl orange

Hydrazoic acid

PH

Chemistry 1A, Fall 2012 Midterm Exam #2 October 17, 2012 (90 min, closed book) Name:__________________________________ SID:___________________________________ GSI Name:________________ Discussion Day/Time: ________________ ? The test consists of 5 short answer questions and 22 multiple choice questions. ? Put your written answers in the boxes provided. Answers outside the boxes may not be considered in grading. ? Write your name on every page of the exam. Question Page Points Score Multiple Choice (1-22) 2-7 88 Titration Short Answer 6 Soda (1) Short Answer 4 Soda (2) Short Answer 4 Ocean Acidification Short Answer 4 Indicators Short Answer 4 Total 110

CHEM 1A midterm 2 key

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