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Physical chemistry

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 11 Notes

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Chemistry
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Physical chemistry
Solutions
Amount of substance
Chemical properties
Gases
Colligative properties
Boiling-point elevation
Freezing-point depression
Molality
Osmotic pressure
Van 't Hoff factor
solubility

1 BA A A nn nxcomponentAoffractionMole +== Chapter 11 ? Properties of Solutions 11.1 Solution Composition A. Molarity 1. solutionofliters solutemolesMMolarity =)( B. Mass Percent 1. 100? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? = solutionofmass soluteofmasspercentMass C. Mole Fraction 1. D. Molality 1. solventoframki soluteofmolesMolality log = E. Normality 1. solutionofliter sequivalentNormality = 2. Equivalents of acids and bases a. Mass that donates or accepts a mole of protons 3. Equivalents of oxidizing and reducing agents a. Mass that provides or accepts a mole of electrons 11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation A. ?Like Dissolves Like? 1. Polar molecules and ionic compounds tend to dissolve in polar solvents 2. Nonpolar molecules dissolve in nonpolar compounds

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 6 Notes

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Chemistry
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Thermochemistry
Chemical thermodynamics
Thermodynamic processes
Physical chemistry
Chemistry
Enthalpy
Standard enthalpy of formation
Exothermic reaction
Hess's law
Exothermic process
Calorimeter
Endothermic process

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter Six Notes - Thermochemistry 6.1 The Nature of Energy A. Definition 1. Energy is the capacity to do work (or to produce heat*) a. Work is a force acting over a distance (moving an object) b. *Heat is actually a form of energy. (1) chemicals may store potential energy in their bonds that can be released as heat energy B. Law of Conservation of Energy 1. Energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed a. Potential energy (1) energy due to position or composition b. Kinetic energy (1) energy due to the motion of an object (2) vmKE 22 1= C. Heat and Temperature 1. Temperature reflects random motion of particles in a substance 2. Temperature indicates the direction in which heat energy will flow

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 5 Notes

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Chemistry
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Gas laws
Gases
thermodynamics
Physical chemistry
State functions
Gas
Ideal gas
Avogadro's law
Boyle's law
Partial pressure
Kinetic theory
Temperature

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 5 - Gases 5.1 Pressure A. Properties of gases 1. Gases uniformly fill any container 2. Gases are easily compressed 3. Gases mix completely with any other gas 4. Gases exert pressure on their surroundings a. Pressure = force/area B. Measuring barometric pressure 1. The barometer a. Inventor - Evangelista Torricelli (1643) 2. Units a. mm Hg (torr) (1) 760 torr = Standard pressure b. newtons/meter2 = pascal (Pa) (1) 101,325 Pa = Standard pressure c. atmospheres (1) 1 atmosphere = Standard pressure 5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro A. Boyle's Law (Robert Boyle, 1627 - 1691) 1. the product of pressure times volume is a constant, provided the temperature remains the same kPV = a. P is inversely related to V

Nomenclature - Notes

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Chemistry
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ions
Chemical elements
Chemical nomenclature
Physical chemistry
Polyatomic ion
Oxide
Nonmetal
Chlorine
Cobalt
Chemistry
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry

Chemical Nomenclature Review Chemical Formulas Identify a compound. Use subscripts to tell how many of each element. Subscript outside of ( ) distributes only to the elements inside of the ( ). Ions Are charged particles: protons ? electrons Types of Ions Cations (metals) positive charge after LOSING electron(s) Anions (nonmetals) negative charge after GAINING electron(s). Monotomic: formed from a single atom. Polyatomic: formed from more than one type of atom. Ions ATOM Chlorine Bromine Sulfur Oxygen Iodine ION Chloride Bromide Sulfide Oxide Iodide Types of Nomenclature Based on First Element!!! Type I: Metal / Non-metal Type II: Transition Metal / Non-metal Type III: Non-metal / Non-metal Example - Metal is from Groups 1, 2 or 13 Type 1

Campell9EdChapter3WaterandLife

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Biology
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Inorganic solvents
Bases
Equilibrium chemistry
Physical chemistry
Acids
Properties of water
Hydrogen bond
water
Solution
Acid
Hydronium
solubility

Water and Life Chapter 3 Overview: The Molecule That Supports All of Life Water is the biological medium on Earth All living organisms require water more than any other substance Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about 70?95% water The abundance of water is the main reason the Earth is habitable ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding The water molecule is a polar molecule: the opposite ends have opposite charges Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.2 Hydrogen bond Polar covalent bonds ? ? ? + ? + ? ? ? ? ? + ? + ? ? Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth?s suitability for life

AP Bio Chp 3

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Biology
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Equilibrium chemistry
Inorganic solvents
Oxides
Acids
Physical chemistry
Properties of water
PH
Hydronium
water
Hydrogen bond
Acid
Solution

AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment Concept 3.1 The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding 1. Study the water molecules at the right. On the central molecule, label oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H). 2. What is a polar molecule? Why is water considered polar? 3. Now, add + and ? signs to indicate the charged regions of each molecule. Then, indicate the hydrogen bonds. 4. Explain hydrogen bonding. How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form?

quiz 2

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Biology
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Inorganic solvents
Oxides
Physical chemistry
Chemical bonding
Supramolecular chemistry
Properties of water
Solution
Chemistry
Chemical bond
Hydrogen bond
water
Benzene

Magnesium has 12 protons. How many electrons are in its second energy level? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 e.10 Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium? a. The concentration of products equals the concentration of reactants. b. Both forward and reverse reactions have halted. c. The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. d. The reaction is now irreversible e. No reactants remain.

Principles of Chemistry Chapter 5

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Chemistry
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Gases
Physical chemistry
Gas laws
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Fluid dynamics
Partial pressure
Gas
Pressure
Stoichiometry
Atmospheric pressure
Volume
Ideal gas

Chapter 5: Gases Section 5.2: Pressure Sunday, October 19, 2014 12:43 PM Pressure = Force / Area ? **note: atmospheric pressure is caused by the weight of air molecules as they are attracted by gravity (hence why pressure decreases as altitude decreases) ? Measuring Pressure ? Barometer - device that measures atmospheric pressure Long tube filled with mercury, essentially you pour the mercury out of the tube until it stops because the mercury creates a seal and a vacuum in the closed end of the tube -pressure decreases cause the mercury seal to fall lower -pressure increases cause the mercury seal to fall higher ? Units of Pressure ? Pascal - (Pa) unit for pressure, equal to one Newton / meter squared --> Force / area

Principles of Chemistry Chapter 3

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Chemistry
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Chemical properties
Solutions
Equilibrium chemistry
Physical chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Stoichiometry
Dissociation
Aqueous solution
Chemical equation
Mole
solubility
Molar concentration

Chapter 3: Molecules and Chem Equations Section 3.2: Chemical Formulas and Equations Monday, September 8, 2014 2:44 PM Chemical Equations: symbolic representation of a chemical reaction Left side: reactants (original materials) Right side: products (compounds formed from reaction) ? Notation: Reaction w/ heat is indicated by delta Reaction w/ light energy is indicated by hv (called a photochemical reaction) ? Hints: Balance elements that occur in only one compound on each side first Balance free elements last Balance polyatomic ions as groups ? Balancing Chemical Equations Remember LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER Stoichiometry: study of relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction (numbers in chem equations are stoichiometric coefficients) ?

General Chemistry Study Exam

Subject: 
Chemistry
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Chemistry
Chemical bonding
ions
Charge carriers
Physical chemistry
ion
Chemical bond
molecule
Gas
Hydrogen
Chemical reaction
Lewis structure
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
Personal life
Technology

[Type text] [Type text] [Type text] May 14, 2014 Chemistry Study Guide Abby & Thomas Chapter 8: 8.1 Vocabulary Covalent bond- a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms Molecule- a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds Diatomic molecule- a molecule that contains two atoms Example. Oxygen and Hydrogen Molecular compound- a compound composed of molecules Example. Water Molecular formula- the chemical formula of a molecular compound. A molecular formula shows how many atoms of each element a substance contains Important things to know for 8.1 8.2 Vocabulary Single Covalent bond- a bond formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons

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