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Hess's law

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 16 Notes

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State functions
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1 Chapter 16 - Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy 16.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy A. First Law 1. "Energy can neither be created nor destroyed" 2. The energy of the universe is constant B. Spontaneous Processes 1. Processes that occur without outside intervention 2. Spontaneous processes may be fast or slow a. Many forms of combustion are fast b. Conversion of diamond to graphite is slow C. Entropy (S) 1. A measure of the randomness or disorder 2. The driving force for a spontaneous process is an increase in the entropy of the universe 3. Entropy is a thermodynamic function describing the number of arrangements that are available to a system a. Nature proceeds toward the states that have the highest probabilities of existing D. Positional Entropy

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 6 Notes

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AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter Six Notes - Thermochemistry 6.1 The Nature of Energy A. Definition 1. Energy is the capacity to do work (or to produce heat*) a. Work is a force acting over a distance (moving an object) b. *Heat is actually a form of energy. (1) chemicals may store potential energy in their bonds that can be released as heat energy B. Law of Conservation of Energy 1. Energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed a. Potential energy (1) energy due to position or composition b. Kinetic energy (1) energy due to the motion of an object (2) vmKE 22 1= C. Heat and Temperature 1. Temperature reflects random motion of particles in a substance 2. Temperature indicates the direction in which heat energy will flow

Hess's Law

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Notes Enthalpy / Hess?s Law 2/13/13 CH 4(g) + 2O 2(g) ? CO 2(g) + 2H 2 O (g) ?H? rxn =? ?H? rxn = ??H? f products - ??H? f reactants Electron Affinity: Energy change associated with adding electrons to atoms (anions) Ionization Energy: Energy change associated with removing electrons from atoms (cations) Methods for calculating ?H rxn Hess?s Law: if a reaction can be written as the sum of two or more steps the overall enthalpy of reaction is equal to the sums of the enthalpies of reaction for each of the steps A + B ? G + H ? ?H rxn =? A + B ? C + D ? ?H rxn = x KJ C + D ? E + F ? ?H rxn = y KJ E + F ? G + H ? ?H rxn = z KJ +___________ A + B ? G + H ? ?H rxn = x + y + z KJ
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