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AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 2 Notes

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AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 2 Notes - Atoms, Molecules and Ions 2.1 The Early History Refer to the Chemistry History Timeline for this chapter 2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws A. Law of Conservation of Mass 1. "Mass is neither created nor destroyed" 2. Translation: In ordinary chemical reactions, the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products B. Law of Definite Proportion 1. "A given compound always contains the same proportions of elements by mass" 2. Translation: Compounds have an unchanging chemical formula C. Law of Multiple Proportions 1. "When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers

Nomenclature - Notes

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Nonmetal
Chlorine
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IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry

Chemical Nomenclature Review Chemical Formulas Identify a compound. Use subscripts to tell how many of each element. Subscript outside of ( ) distributes only to the elements inside of the ( ). Ions Are charged particles: protons ? electrons Types of Ions Cations (metals) positive charge after LOSING electron(s) Anions (nonmetals) negative charge after GAINING electron(s). Monotomic: formed from a single atom. Polyatomic: formed from more than one type of atom. Ions ATOM Chlorine Bromine Sulfur Oxygen Iodine ION Chloride Bromide Sulfide Oxide Iodide Types of Nomenclature Based on First Element!!! Type I: Metal / Non-metal Type II: Transition Metal / Non-metal Type III: Non-metal / Non-metal Example - Metal is from Groups 1, 2 or 13 Type 1

Naming Polyatomic Ions - Notes

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ions
Oxoanions
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Polyatomic ion
Oxoacid
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
Oxidation state
Sulfate
Nonmetal
Nitrate

Naming polyatomic ions and acids Definition Polyatomic ions are similar to monatomic ions in that they both have an ionic charge (+ or -). Polyatomic ions are made of two or more atoms that act as a unit Examples ? Naming compounds with polyatomic ions Nitrate ion NO3-1 Phosphate ion PO4-3 Sulfate ion SO4-2 Ammonium ion NH4+1 Naming polyatomic ions The name of the ion usually ends in either -ite or -ate. The -ite ending indicates a low oxidation state (NO-2 ion - nitrite ion). The -ate ending indicates a high oxidation state (NO-3 ion - nitrate ion). Naming polyatomic ions Prefixes also can be used. The prefix hypo- indicates the very lowest oxidation state. (ClO- ion - hypochlorite ion)

Chemical Nomenclature - Notes

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Hydrogen
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Carbon
Nitrogen
Polyatomic ion

Notes ? chemical nomenclature/naming compounds Ch 6.3-6.6 Monoatomic noble gases These are the noble gases. These are elements that exist in nature as isolated elements. They do not combine with other elements to form compounds (as far as this class is concerned). Diatomic Molecules Diatomic elements or molecules ? compounds made of two atoms of the same element I2 Br2 Cl2 F2 O2 N2 H2 Binary compounds made of at least 2 different elements Three types Type 1 ? metals and nonmetals Type 2 ? metals and nonmetals Type 3 ? nonmetals and nonmetals Type 1 Ionic compounds that contain a metal and nonmetal Metal forms one cation (from group 1, 2, 13) the nonmetal forms the anion Write the Cation first and the anion second, put an ?-ide? on the end of the nonmetal

Principles of Chemistry Chapter 2

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Ionic bonding
ion
molecule
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Hydride

Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules Section 1: Insight into Polymers Wednesday, August 27, 2014 12:40 PM What is a polymer? -substance consisting of many large particles (called momoners) -monomers are small molecules made of many atoms ? note: the composition of the monomers determines the properties of the polymer ? All polymers have a polymer backbone, which is a long string of atoms keeping the molecule together. In organic chemistry, the backbone is made of carbon molecules! ? ? ? THE DIFFERENT COMBOS OF ATOMS MAKE DIFFERENT POLYMERS! ? ? ? ? Coulomb's Law describes interaction of charged particles. ? (remember the E is the permittivity constant) ? ? ? ? ?

Atomic Radius

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Ionization energy
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Atomic radius
Technology

Atomic Radius: The atomic radius is the size of the atom of an element. The values decrease. Yes, they both decrease. The atomic radius increases. Yes, but they increase at a slower rate. Ionic Radius: An atom becomes a cation when an atom loses electrons in a reaction. An atom becomes an anion when it gains electrons in a reaction. The cations? values decrease. The anion?s values also decrease. Yes, their trends are the same. The ionic radius value increases. Yes, they also increase. Electronegativity: Electronegativity is the measurement of an element?s tendency to react with electrons in a chemical bond. The values greatly increase. Yes, they both increase. The values slowly decrease. No, because only one number in group 18 is plotted.

General Chemistry Study Exam

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ion
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behavior
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Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
Personal life
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[Type text] [Type text] [Type text] May 14, 2014 Chemistry Study Guide Abby & Thomas Chapter 8: 8.1 Vocabulary Covalent bond- a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms Molecule- a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds Diatomic molecule- a molecule that contains two atoms Example. Oxygen and Hydrogen Molecular compound- a compound composed of molecules Example. Water Molecular formula- the chemical formula of a molecular compound. A molecular formula shows how many atoms of each element a substance contains Important things to know for 8.1 8.2 Vocabulary Single Covalent bond- a bond formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons

Chapter 3

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Fluorine
Hydride
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Chemistry 1210: General Chemistry Dr. Gina M. Florio 06 September 2012 Lecture Notes Jespersen, Brady, Hyslop, CH 3 Elements, Compounds, and the Periodic Table Structure of the Atom Atom consists of smaller (subatomic) particles: Protons (positively charged) Neutrons (no charge) Electrons (negatively charged) Found in the atomic nucleus e ?1 0 Electrons H+ 1 1 p 1 1 , Protons and n 0 1 Neutrons Matter is typically neutral ? equal number protons and electrons per atom Size: If diameter of nucleus = 1 foot, then diameter of atom ~ 1.9 miles! Ch. 3.1 2 Chapter 1.6 Identification of Atoms Each atom has two ID numbers: 1. Atomic Number (Z) Z = Number of protons Element ? a substance whose atoms contain the same number of protons ? a substance with a unique atomic number, Z Isotope

Periodic Trends Lecture

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Alkaline earth metal
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* Chapter 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Lecture Presentation Development of Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer independently came to the same conclusion about how elements should be grouped. Development of Periodic Table Mendeleev, for instance, predicted the discovery of germanium (which he called eka-silicon) as an element with an atomic weight between that of zinc and arsenic, but with chemical properties similar to those of silicon. Periodic Trends In this chapter, we will rationalize observed trends in Sizes of atoms and ions. Ionization energy. Electron affinity. Effective Nuclear Charge

Chemical Names and Formulas Chapter 6 Addison and Wesley

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addison and wesley chemistry chem

Chapter 6 ?Chemical Names and Formulas? By Stephen L. Cotton, Charles Page High School Modified by Barbara Williams, DeBakey HSHP H2O Molecular Compounds Molecule Neutral chemically bonded group of atoms that act as a unit Usually composed of 2 or more nonmetal atoms Make up molecular compounds Ions and Ionic Compounds Ion Charged atom or group of atoms (cation or anion) Cation name: same name + ?ion? (Na+ is called ?sodium ion?) Anion name: root name ends with ?-ide? (Cl- is called ?chloride?) Ionic Compound Composed of metal cation and nonmetal anion An Anion is? A negative ion. Has gained electrons. Nonmetals can gain electrons. Charge is written as a superscript on the right. F1- Has gained one electron (-ide is new ending = fluoride) O2- Gained two electrons (oxide)

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