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Electronegativity

Campbell9thEdChapter2ChemicalContextofLife

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Biology
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Chemical bonding
Chemical bond
Covalent bond
Valence electron
Valence
Ionic bonding
Chemistry
Lewis structure
Electronegativity
Atomic orbital
Hydrogen bond
ion

The Chemical Context of Life Chapter 2 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds Organisms are composed of matter Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Elements and Compounds Matter is made up of elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio A compound has characteristics different from those of its elements ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.3 Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride The Elements of Life About 20?25% of the 92 elements are essential to life, but it varies among organisms Humans need 25 elements while plants only need 17 elements

Atomic Radius

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
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ions
Ionization energy
Electronegativity
Periodic trends
Ionic radius
Atomic radius
Technology

Atomic Radius: The atomic radius is the size of the atom of an element. The values decrease. Yes, they both decrease. The atomic radius increases. Yes, but they increase at a slower rate. Ionic Radius: An atom becomes a cation when an atom loses electrons in a reaction. An atom becomes an anion when it gains electrons in a reaction. The cations? values decrease. The anion?s values also decrease. Yes, their trends are the same. The ionic radius value increases. Yes, they also increase. Electronegativity: Electronegativity is the measurement of an element?s tendency to react with electrons in a chemical bond. The values greatly increase. Yes, they both increase. The values slowly decrease. No, because only one number in group 18 is plotted.

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 7b

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Chemical bonding
Chemical polarity
Chemical bond
Covalent bond
VSEPR theory
Polar bond
Hydrogen bond
Electronegativity
molecular geometry
Ionic bond
Sigma bond
Technology

Molecular Geometry 1 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory Electron concentrations are arranged so as to be at maximum distance. Why? Electrons repel each other. Number of Electron Concentrations H H H H C ? ? ? ? Ex: CH4 O F F C ? ? ? ? Ex: CF2O Number of Electron Concentrations all 4 bonded = tetrahedral Ex: CH4 H H H H C ? ? ? ? 4 Regions of e? Conc. 5 Chemistry textbook, p. 169 3 bonded = pyramidal Ex: NH3 H H H N ? ? ? 4 Regions of e? Conc. 6 Chemistry textbook, p. 167 2 bonded = bent 104.5? Ex: H2O H H O ? ? 4 Regions of e? Conc. 7 Chemistry textbook, p. 170 1 bonded = linear Ex: HF H F ? 4 Regions of e? Conc. 8 Chemistry textbook, p. 170 All 3 bonded = trigonal planar 2 bonded = bent 120? Ex: BI3 Ex: GeF2 1 bonded = linear Ex: SO 3 Regions of e? Conc.

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 5b

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Physics
Quantum chemistry
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Chemical properties
Atomic physics
Charge carriers
Periodic trends
Chemical bond
Ionization energy
Electronegativity
ion
Technology

Periodic Trends 1 Sizes of Atoms Increase from top to bottom on the periodic table Why? There are higher energy levels, and electrons are farther from the nucleus. Atomic Radii Sizes of Atoms Decrease from left to right on the periodic table Why? There are more protons in the nucleus attracting more electrons (electrostatic attraction). Atomic Radii Atomic Radii 4 p. 113 of Chemistry textbook (BJU Press) Question Why do atoms get larger as you go down the periodic table? They are heavier. They are less dense. Electrons are further from the nucleus. Electrons are bigger. 5 (Comparing the size of an atom to that of its ion, not going across or up the table) Sizes of Atoms Ionic Radii Sizes of Atoms Atoms that lose outer electrons have smaller positive ions (metals).

Chemistry

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Physics
Chemical properties
Chemical bonding
Charge carriers
Quantum chemistry
Atomic number
Periodic Table
Electronegativity
Valence electron
electron
ion
Technology

Chemistry Study Guide Unit 1: Measurement and the Methods of Chemistry Counting significant figures: 1) leading zeros never count 2) Trailing zeros only count if there is a decimal point written 3) All numbers that aren?t leading or trailing zeros count Unit 2: Atomic Structure, Periodicity, and Nuclear Energy Proton: +1 (charge) Neutron: 0 (charge) Electron: -1 (charge) Atomic number= number of protons within an atom Atomic mass= total weight of the atom. P+N If there is a power to the left of the element, that implies the mass. Isotope: same atom with same atomic number, but different number of neutrons. Different weight. Neutrons and protons are INSIDE nucleus. Electrons on orbitals. Valence electrons= electrons on outermost shell. The electrons that do all reactions.

Bio stuff

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Biology
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Chemistry
Periodic Table
Chemical bonding
Chemical properties
Atomic physics
ions
Valence electron
Ionization energy
ion
Electronegativity
Chemical element
Metalloid

Periodic Table Worksheet Name Per. 1. Periodic means . Examples of periodic properties: 2. What is a group (or family)? What is a period? 3. How can you determine the number of electrons in an element?s outer energy level by the group it?s in? 4. What is the octet rule? 5. Why do elements that make positive ions occur on the left side of the periodic table while those that make negative ions occur on the right? 6. What is the common name for group 18? Why do the elements of this group usually not form ions? 7. Complete the following table. Group Common Name Charge on Ions of this Group 1 2 13 / 3A -------- 16 / 6A -------- 17 / 7A 8. Predict the charges on ions of the following atoms.
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