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Chemical element

Atomic Structure

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Atomic Structure The discovery of atoms began with Democritus, a Greek philosopher, who was the first person to suggest that atoms exist. However Democritus made the false claim that atoms were indestructible which was proven wrong with the development of the atomic bomb (nuclear power), additionally he did not support his idea with scientific evidence or explain the chemical behavior of the atom. Following Democritus was Dalton who took the idea of the atom and explained it and supported it with scientific methods. Atom= The smallest particle of an element that retains its identity within chemical reactions due to maintaining chemical and physical properties. Dalton?s Atomic Theory: All elements are composed of indivisible particles called atoms (later disproved)

Periodic Table - Notes

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Notes ? Periodic Table Do you know all your elements? http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html Squares on the Periodic Table Each square contains Element Symbol Element Name Atomic Number = Protons Average Atomic Mass = Molar Mass Some contain the physical state at Room Temperature What is the atomic mass? The mass of one atom is VERY small therefore we use a relative scale called the AMU. One AMU is exactly 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Protons + Neutrons = AMU = Atomic Mass Unit What is the average atomic mass? In a sample of many atoms, various isotopes exist. The abundance of each isotope impacts the average mass of the sample. To find the average atomic mass, multiply the mass times the abundance of each isotope and add these together.

Atomic Structure Notes

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Pre-AP Chemistry 1 Chapter ________ Name _____________________________ Period ______ I. Historical Development (3-1) x particle theory of matter first proposed by ________________________ in 400 BC ? named the basic particle the ?_______________?, which means ____________________ in Greek x by 1700?s most scientists accepted definition of an _____________ as a substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary ________________ means x also accepted that _______________ combine to form ________________ x _______________________: the transformation of a substance or substances into 1 or more

Chemistry MidTerm Review

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CP Chemistry Midterm Review List Substance: element & compound ? water, Aluminum, ethanol, carbon dioxide Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Physical & Chemical Properties & changes: Freezing/melting, boiling/condensing ;State Change (melting point) Burning/ rusting Metric system: Units, prefixes (kilo-milli), and conversions one milliliter equals 1 cm3 325 mg can be expressed in grams Temperature scales & conversion - Celsius temperature is equivalent to 298K Accuracy vs. precision Scientific Notation & Significant figures 149,000,000 Percent error A molar mass of a compound is 75 g/mol. A student reported an experimental value of 78 g/mol. The percent error is Density

Science history

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History of Science ? ? Illusion ? Delusion - Truth I thought this was Science Course Science is the Truth ?. but but ?.. Science seems to change all the time Hmmmm First Quiz From Fire to Atomism Early Greek Atomic Theory Some thought EVERYTHING was made from water in one of the forms (ice, liquid, gas) Democritus ? atoms differed in only shape and size The concept of the ?nocut? atomos was developed ? SMALLEST BUILDING BLOCK Arostotle ? all matter is composed of four elements ? Earth, air, fire, water The philosopher's stone and the rise of alchemy ?convert cheaper metals into gold finding the?elixir of life ?in the air an "ether" which breathed life into living things Problems with Alchemy

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 5c

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Elemental & Families Properties Their 1 Hydrogen: A Family of Its Own Why is it by itself? Can lose or gain one electron Discovered by Cavendish Physical properties (PP) Chemical properties (CP) Uses Hydrogen: A Family of Its Own Physical properties (PP) colorless, odorless, tasteless gas Chemical properties (CP) active, like a Group 1A metal or a Group 7A nonmetal diatomic can react with metals to form metallic hydrides Hydrogen: A Family of Its Own Uses ammonia fuel cells ?rocket? fuel Hydrogen: A Family of Its Own Supposed to have initially formed H & He Big Bang 6 Group 1: The Alkali Metal Family Physical properties light, soft, shiny, conduct electricity well 7 Chemical properties most reactive metals eager to lose lone outer e? never occur naturally

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 5a

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Periodic The Table 1 Lavoisier Made the first list of 30 substances he thought were elements D?bereiner Created a list of elements based on triads triads: groups of 3 elements with similar properties Created a list of elements based on triads problem with triads: Soon more elements were found; there were more than 3 similar elements to a group. D?bereiner periodicity repetition of a property on a regular basis Newlands Arranged elements by atomic mass Observed the ?law of octaves? Every 8th element repeats properties. Included the transition metals Mendeleev Developed the periodic table by arranging elements by atomic mass (like Newlands) Included the transition metals (like Newlands) Mendeleev Left blanks when properties or mass did not fit

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 2a

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The Classification of Matter Matter Matter is described as ?anything that takes up space and has mass.? Matter Matter was created ex nihilo, which means ?from nothing.? Science Guess Scientific method Faith Observation Question How can we know where matter comes from? 4 Atom - Clipart.com Item #20307567 Organization of Matter Pure substances Mixtures Is a substancepure or a mixture? Determined by: Physical properties Chemical properties Physical Properties Physical properties can be measured without changing the material into another substance. They describe how a substance is by itself. The following terms are examples of physical properties: density density describes how the particles are packed into a material malleability malleability

Chemistry The central science

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Electron affinity: Cl(g) + e? Cl?(g) ?E = ?349 kJ/mol Ionization energy: Cl(g) Cl+(g ) + e? ?E = 1251 kJ/mol Substance to be an acid Disolve in water to form acidic solution or React with a base Metals Form cations in aq M M2+ + 2e? Low I1 Metals + non-metals salt (ionic compound) Metal oxides basic: Metal oxides + H20 metal hydroxide (OH-) (not all) Metal + O2 metal O2- (Ionic Solid) Acid + metal salt (aq) + H2 (g) Acid + metal OH- salt (aq/s) + H2O (l) Acid + metal O2- salt (aq/s) + H2O (l) Acid + metal HCO2-3 salt (aq/s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) Acid + metal HCO-2 salt (aq/s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) Acid + metal S2- salt (aq/s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l) Acids + Metals Soluble Water Acid Product NiO (clear) No HNO3 (clear) Ni(NO3)2 (Green)

Chapter 2

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Chapter 2.1- 2.3 (pages 41-48) Law of conservation of mass- Mass is neither created nor destroyed Law of definite proportion- a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. Law of multiple proportions- When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers Dalton?s Atomic Theory- -Each element is made up of atoms -The atoms of a given element are identical -Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of diff elements combine with each other -Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms Dalton prepared first table of atomic masses

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