Chemical reactions

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Enzymes Proteins- Enzymes belong to the macromolecule group of proteins and can be described as a specialized type of protein. Enzymes are considered the catalysts of life (catalysts=agents that speed up chemical reactions) - Enzymes are named by what they are acting upon and replacing the ending with ?ase? Ex= cellulose to cellulase Enzymes assist in the process of metabolism= the many chemical reactions that occur in organisms. Many chemical reactions would not occur without enzymes because the molecules in cells would simply not house enough energy/contain enough heat, to begin a reaction and carry it out quick enough. An enzymes job is to lower the activation energy needed in a chemical process and to finish by completing it.

biology in focus chapter 6 (AP)

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Purines

Adenosine triphosphate

Metabolic pathway

energy

Endergonic reaction

Substrate

Chapter 6 An Introduction to Metabolism Forms of Energy Energy is the ability to do work or cause change Kinetic energy is the energy of motion Thermal energy is associated with the movement of atoms/molecules Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another Potential energy is the energy possessed by matter due to its location or structure Chemical energy is a type of potential energy Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations The First Law of Thermodynamics Energy can be transferred and/or transformed, but neither created nor destroyed The Second Law of Thermodynamics Energy transformations favor a more disorderly state, increasing entropy Entropy Entropy is a measure of the disorder, or randomness, of a system

AP Chemistry MIDTERM review C

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Gaseous signaling molecules

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Chemical reactions

Refrigerants

Chemical nomenclature

Coordination chemistry

Oxidation state

redox

Hydrogen

Zn + N O 3- + H+ ?Zn2+ + N H 4+ + H 2O Which statement about this reaction is correct? The oxidation number of H changes from +1 to 0 The oxidation number of H changes from +1 to -1 The oxidation number of N changes from +5 to -3 The oxidation number of N changes from +5 to +3 The oxidation number of N changes from +6 to +4 Assign oxidation numbers to each element Zinc goes from 0 to +2 (lost 2 electrons) N goes from +5 to -3 (gained 8 electrons) C 100 0 +5 -2 -3 +1 +1 -2 2H2O2(g) + S(s) ? SO2(g) + 2H2O(g) What is the enthalpy change in the reaction? C 200 Substance ?Hf (kJ/mol) H2O2(g) -150 S(s) 0 SO2(g) -300 H2O(g) -250 -500 kJ -200 kJ 200 kJ 400 kJ 600 kJ [2(-250) + (-300) ] ? [2(-150) + 0] = -500 C 300 CH3CH2OH(g) + ___O2(g) ? ___CO2(g) + ___H2O(g)

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 4 Notes

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Equilibrium chemistry

Acids

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 4 Notes - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Chemistry 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent A. Structure of water 1. Oxygen's electronegativity is high (3.5) and hydrogen's is low (2.1) 2. Water is a bent molecule 3. Water is a polar molecule B. Hydration of Ionic Solute Molecules 1. Positive ions attracted to the oxygen end of water 2. Negative ions attracted to the hydrogen end of water C. Hydration of Polar Solute Molecules 1. Negative end of polar solute molecules are attracted to water's hydrogen 2. Positive end of polar solute molecules are attracted to water's oxygen D. "Like Dissolves Like" 1. Polar and ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents like water 2. Nonpolar compounds like fats dissolve in nonpolar solvents like ____ ?_____

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 3 Notes

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Mass

Yield

Mole

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 3 Notes - Stoichiometry 3.1 Atomic Masses A. C-12, the Relative Standard 1. C-12 is assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units (amu) 2. Masses of all elements are determined in comparison to the carbon - 12 atom (12C) the most common isotope of carbon 3. Comparisons are made using a mass spectrometer B. Atomic Mass (Average atomic mass, atomic weight) 1. Atomic masses are the average of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element 2. Atomic mass does not represent the mass of any actual atom 3. Atomic mass can be used to "weigh out" large numbers of atoms 3.2 The Mole A. Avogadro's number 1. 6.022 x 1023 units = 1 mole 2. Named in honor of Avogadro (he did NOT discover it) B. Measuring moles

Chemical Reactions - Notes

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Salt metathesis reaction

REACTANTS ?PRODUCTS 1.? Starting substances (reactants) becomes new substances (products). 2. Bonds are broken and new bonds are formed, but atoms are not created or destroyed (just rearranged). Law of Conservation of Mass PRODUCTS REACTANTS SENTENCE EQUATION Iron reacts with oxygen to produce rust WORD EQUATION Iron + oxygen ? iron (III) oxide SKELETON EQUATION Fe + O2 ?Fe2O3 These DO NOT indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products. BALANCED EQUATION most correct equation includes the physical states of each substance uses coefficients 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)?2 Fe2O3(s) Learn chart of symbols on page 206 in text. Skeleton equation Word equation Sentence equation Balanced equation Skeleton equation Word equation Sentence equation

how enzymes function

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Enzymes

Non-competitive inhibition

Substrate

Active site

Enzyme catalysis 1 ENZYME CATALYSIS By (Student?s Name) Course Instructor Institution City, State Date One of the primary tasks of a protein is to act as an enzyme. Fundamentally, Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed up the rate of virtually all biochemical reactions that occur in a cell. Ordinarily, cellular chemical reactions proceed so gradually that they would not occur under normal organism?s conditions of temperature and pressure (Enzyme Catalysis, 2015). Concisely, enzymatically catalyzed reactions involve the provision of an alternative route alongside stabilizing intermediates. In turn, this causes a reduction in the energy required to reach the highest energy transition state of the reaction as shown below (Enzyme Catalysis, 2015).

BIO CH 8

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Adenosine triphosphate

Endergonic reaction

ATP hydrolysis

energy

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism This chapter lays the foundations for the chapters on respiration and photosynthesis. Key concepts are as follows: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations by living organisms, metabolic reactions couple energy-harvesting reactions to reactions that accomplish cellular work, and enzymes increase the rates of reaction. Understanding the properties of enzymes, how they work, and how their activities are regulated is necessary to achieve an understanding of metabolic pathways. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism

Principles of Chemistry Chapter 4

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Chemical reaction engineering

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Stoichiometry

Chemical reactions

Yield

Mole

Chapter 4: Stoichiometry Section 4.2: Fundamentals of Stoichiometry Monday, September 15, 2014 2:32 PM Stoichiometry - study of relationships between quantities of reactants and products in chem reactions ? Obtaining Ratios from Balanced Equations ? -from the coefficients in the equation, all atoms are in ratios with one another Equation: CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O Ex: 1 mol CH4 : 2 mol O2 AND 1 mol CH4 : 1 mol CO2 **these are called "mole ratios" -frequently written as fractions -"molar mass ratios" relate molecular mass and molar mass ? ? This is a typical approach to solving reaction stoichiometry! ? Keep in mind the units for your final answer (in this case, grams of water) -also, use unit cancellation ? ?

Reactivity of Nuclear Muons

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Chemical reactions

Oxoanions

Oxidizing agents

Equilibrium chemistry

Reducing agents

redox

Chemical equation