Enzymes

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Allosteric regulation

Non-competitive inhibition

Name____________________________ Biology Vocabulary Definitions Block______ Vocabulary For Unit ________________________________ Word Textbook Definition Your Definition Visual Image First Law of Thermodynamics Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed. Second Law of Thermodynamics Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. The universe becomes more disorganized over time. Enthalpy The heat content of a system at constant pressure. Measure of heat content in an organism. Enzyme-Substrate Complex A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).

how enzymes function

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Non-competitive inhibition

Substrate

Product

Active site

Enzyme catalysis 1 ENZYME CATALYSIS By (Student?s Name) Course Instructor Institution City, State Date One of the primary tasks of a protein is to act as an enzyme. Fundamentally, Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed up the rate of virtually all biochemical reactions that occur in a cell. Ordinarily, cellular chemical reactions proceed so gradually that they would not occur under normal organism?s conditions of temperature and pressure (Enzyme Catalysis, 2015). Concisely, enzymatically catalyzed reactions involve the provision of an alternative route alongside stabilizing intermediates. In turn, this causes a reduction in the energy required to reach the highest energy transition state of the reaction as shown below (Enzyme Catalysis, 2015).

ap_bio_chap_13_dna.ppt

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Polymerase chain reaction

DNA

Primer

Molecular cloning

Semiconservative replication

0 13 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Overview: Life?s Operating Instructions In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick introduced an elegant double-helical model for the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA DNA, the substance of inheritance, is the most celebrated molecule of our time Hereditary information is encoded in DNA and reproduced in all cells of the body (DNA replication) Figure 13.1 Concept 13.1: DNA is the genetic material Early in the 20th century, the identification of the molecules of inheritance loomed as a major challenge to biologists The Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry

Cell Bio chapter 8

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Non-competitive inhibition

ATP hydrolysis

Concept 8.1 What is energy? Potential energy = stored energy Chemical bonds Concentration gradients (can be used to do cellular work) Electrical potential Kinetic energy = movement energy Heat = molecular motion Mechanical = moving molecules past each other Electrical = moving charged particles Forms of energy Biker at top of hill potential Biker going down hill kinetic Why do cells need energy? Synthetic work = building macromolecules (e.g., making protein) mechanical work = moving molecules past each other e.g., muscle shortening concentration work = creating chemical gradients e.g. storing glucose electrical work = creating ion gradients e.g., unequal distribution of sodium and potassium ions Metabolic pathways Catabolic pathways ? release energy

Campbell Biology Chapter 8 Outline

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Adenosine triphosphate

ATP hydrolysis

Mica Piro Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism An organism?s Metabolism Transforms Matter and Energy, Subject to the Laws of Thermodynamics (8.1) The totality of an organism?s chemical reactions is called metabolism It is an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme Metabolism as a whole manages the material and energy resources of the cell Some pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds?these degraditive processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways

AP BIO Chapter 08

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energy

Entropy

Enzyme kinetics

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism This chapter lays the foundations for the chapters on respiration and photosynthesis. Key concepts are as follows: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations by living organisms, metabolic reactions couple energy-harvesting reactions to reactions that accomplish cellular work, and enzymes increase the rates of reaction. Understanding the properties of enzymes, how they work, and how their activities are regulated is necessary to achieve an understanding of metabolic pathways. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism

AP BIO CHP 8 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism This chapter lays the foundations for the chapters on respiration and photosynthesis. Key concepts are as follows: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations by living organisms, metabolic reactions couple energy-harvesting reactions to reactions that accomplish cellular work, and enzymes increase the rates of reaction. Understanding the properties of enzymes, how they work, and how their activities are regulated is necessary to achieve an understanding of metabolic pathways. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism

Campbell AP Bio Study Guide Chapter 8

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism This chapter lays the foundations for the chapters on respiration and photosynthesis. Key concepts are as follows: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations by living organisms, metabolic reactions couple energy-harvesting reactions to reactions that accomplish cellular work, and enzymes increase the rates of reaction. Understanding the properties of enzymes, how they work, and how their activities are regulated is necessary to achieve an understanding of metabolic pathways. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism

campbell_ap_bio_practice_test_ch8

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Entropy

energy

Exergonic

Chapter?8 An?Introduction?to?Metabolism Multiple-Choice?Questions 1) Which?term?most?precisely?describes?the?cellular?process?of?breaking?down?large?molecules?into?smaller?ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism Answer: E Topic: Concept?8.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Which?of?the?following?is?(are)?true?for?anabolic?pathways? A) They?do?not?depend?on?enzymes. B) They?are?usually?highly?spontaneous?chemical?reactions. C) They?consume?energy?to?build?up?polymers?from?monomers. D) They?release?energy?as?they?degrade?polymers?to?monomers. Answer: C Topic: Concept?8.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Which?of?the?following?is?a?statement?of?the?first?law?of?thermodynamics? A) Energy?cannot?be?created?or?destroyed.

enzyme rate reaction lab

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