Enzyme

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Glucose

Ch.8 Notes Date Notes Questions 10/12/15 To types of metabolic pathways Catabolic pathways (breaking down, breaking down energy) Anabolic pathways (storing energy, build up) Pathways can be complex and have multiple steps Pathways are the chemical reactions Ex pathways a->b->c-> (a, b and c are chemicals) Living organisms are chemical computers Design like circuit boards Some people working on DNA based computer Also there are works on neuro networks Organisms always share chemicals with everyone Prokaryotes have a much simpler pathways than eukaryotes Metabolic theory that there is a mathematical formula that can explain the interaction of organisms. Energy cannot be created or destroyed Sunlight->Glucose->ATP->Heat Glucose more desired because easiest way to get ATP

Enzymes

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Enzymes Proteins- Enzymes belong to the macromolecule group of proteins and can be described as a specialized type of protein. Enzymes are considered the catalysts of life (catalysts=agents that speed up chemical reactions) - Enzymes are named by what they are acting upon and replacing the ending with ?ase? Ex= cellulose to cellulase Enzymes assist in the process of metabolism= the many chemical reactions that occur in organisms. Many chemical reactions would not occur without enzymes because the molecules in cells would simply not house enough energy/contain enough heat, to begin a reaction and carry it out quick enough. An enzymes job is to lower the activation energy needed in a chemical process and to finish by completing it.

biology in focus chapter 6 (AP)

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Purines

Metabolic pathway

energy

Endergonic reaction

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Substrate

Chapter 6 An Introduction to Metabolism Forms of Energy Energy is the ability to do work or cause change Kinetic energy is the energy of motion Thermal energy is associated with the movement of atoms/molecules Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another Potential energy is the energy possessed by matter due to its location or structure Chemical energy is a type of potential energy Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations The First Law of Thermodynamics Energy can be transferred and/or transformed, but neither created nor destroyed The Second Law of Thermodynamics Energy transformations favor a more disorderly state, increasing entropy Entropy Entropy is a measure of the disorder, or randomness, of a system

Macromolecules worksheet

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Protein

Biomolecular engineering

Macromolecules What are ____________? ____________ are made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules. Macromolecules are formed by a process known as ____________ in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. Made up ____________, which form ____________. ____________ Groups of Macromolecules There are four groups of macromolecules that make up living things: ____________, ____________, ____________and ____________. Carbohydrates Made up of ____________. Subunit: mono____________ Use for a sources of ____________ Use for ____________ in plants (____________), animals (____________), fungi (____________) and bacteria (____________). Examples: monomers- ____________ ____________- lactose Polymers ?____________

Macromolecules review

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Protein

Biomolecular engineering

Macromolecules What are ____________? ____________ are made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules. Macromolecules are formed by a process known as ____________ in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. Made up ____________, which form ____________. ____________ Groups of Macromolecules There are four groups of macromolecules that make up living things: ____________, ____________, ____________and ____________. Carbohydrates Made up of ____________. Subunit: mono____________ Use for a sources of ____________ Use for ____________ in plants (____________), animals (____________), fungi (____________) and bacteria (____________). Examples: monomers- ____________ ____________- lactose Polymers ?____________

Raven Biology Vocabulary Chapter 6

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Enzymes

Allosteric regulation

Non-competitive inhibition

Name____________________________ Biology Vocabulary Definitions Block______ Vocabulary For Unit ________________________________ Word Textbook Definition Your Definition Visual Image First Law of Thermodynamics Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed. Second Law of Thermodynamics Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. The universe becomes more disorganized over time. Enthalpy The heat content of a system at constant pressure. Measure of heat content in an organism. Enzyme-Substrate Complex A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).

Raven Biology Chapter 6 Notes

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Gavin Morgan 10/28/2015 Chapter 6 2-Point Notes Energy can take many forms: 1. Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. 2. Energy can take many forms: mechanical energy, heat, sound, electric current, light, or radioactivity. The sun provides energy for living organisms: 1. Energy flows into the biological world from the Sun. 2. Breaking the bonds between atoms requires energy. Oxidation-reduction reactions transfer electrons while bonds are made or broken: 1. During a chemical reaction, the energy stored in chemical bonds may be used to make new bonds.

Campbell9thEdChapter8Introduction to Metabolism

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Thermodynamic processes

Endergonic reaction

ATP hydrolysis

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Allosteric regulation

Endergonic

An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 Overview: The Energy of Life The living cell is a miniature chemical factory where thousands of reactions occur The cell extracts energy and applies energy to perform work Some organisms even convert energy to light, as in bioluminescence ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1 Concept 8.1: An organism?s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics Metabolism is the totality of an organism?s chemical reactions Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product

Enzymes

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INQUIRY LAB: ENZYMES Overall Research Question: What Makes the Bubble Gum Stretch? Research Question: What conditions would affect the rate of an enzymatic reaction? Null Hypothesis: The pH and temperature will have an effect on the rate of enzymatic reactions. #1 Alternative Hypothesis: The pH and temperature will have an effect on the rate of enzymatic reactions. #2 Alternative Hypothesis: The pH and temperature will not have an effect on the rate of enzymatic reactions. Control Group: The pH level of 7 (neutral) Independent Variable: pH- 3,5,7,9,11 (I will get data for pH 5 and 7) Temperature- 4,21, 30, 40, 60 (In degrees Celsius) (I will get data for 30 and 40 degrees Celsius) Independent Variable: The pH level Dependent Variable: The rate of the enzyme reactions pH

Bio Inquiry Lab on Enzymes

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Catalysis

Equilibrium chemistry

Enzyme catalysis

PH