Enzyme

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Thermodynamic processes

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 7 - AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name _________________________________________________ MOD____________ Date ________ Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Concept 8.1 An organism?s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 1. Define metabolism. 2. There are two types of reactions in metabolic pathways: anabolic and catabolic. a. Which reactions release energy? b. Which reactions consume energy?

how enzymes function

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Non-competitive inhibition

Substrate

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Enzyme catalysis 1 ENZYME CATALYSIS By (Student?s Name) Course Instructor Institution City, State Date One of the primary tasks of a protein is to act as an enzyme. Fundamentally, Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed up the rate of virtually all biochemical reactions that occur in a cell. Ordinarily, cellular chemical reactions proceed so gradually that they would not occur under normal organism?s conditions of temperature and pressure (Enzyme Catalysis, 2015). Concisely, enzymatically catalyzed reactions involve the provision of an alternative route alongside stabilizing intermediates. In turn, this causes a reduction in the energy required to reach the highest energy transition state of the reaction as shown below (Enzyme Catalysis, 2015).

quiz 9

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Polymer

Which of the following is (are) true of ligand-gated ion channels? a. They lead to changes in sodium and calcium concentrations in cells. b. They are important in the nervous system. c. They open or close in response to a chemical signal. d. Only A and B are true. e. A, B, and C are true. Which of the following can affect the rate of an enzymatic reaction a. pH b. temperature c. feedback inhibition d. A and B e. A, B and C A competitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme's a. active site b. allosteric binding site c. cooperative binding site d. A and B e. A, B and C Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by a. raising the energy of activation b. lowering the energy of activation c. lowering free energy d. increasing free energy e. B & D

quiz 10

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cellular respiration

metabolism

Nucleotides

Purinergic signalling

Purines

Glycolysis

Glucose 6-phosphate

Pyruvate kinase

Sucrose phosphorylase

How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction? a. Increase the activation energy needed. b. Cool the reactants. c. Decrease the concentration of the reactants. d. Add the appropriate enzyme. e. Increase the entropy of the reactants. Which of the following statements is false? a. The amount of energy in the universe is constant. b. One form of energy can be converted to other forms of energy. c. Whenever energy conversions occur, some energy is lost as heat. d. There are differences in the quality of energy. e. Entropy decreases with time.

BIO CH 8

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Endergonic reaction

ATP hydrolysis

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism This chapter lays the foundations for the chapters on respiration and photosynthesis. Key concepts are as follows: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations by living organisms, metabolic reactions couple energy-harvesting reactions to reactions that accomplish cellular work, and enzymes increase the rates of reaction. Understanding the properties of enzymes, how they work, and how their activities are regulated is necessary to achieve an understanding of metabolic pathways. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism

AP Bio Lab 13

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AP Lab #13 Enzyme Activity August 28, 2014 Sarah Shafik PURPOSE: Background: Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of a chemical formula. They lower a reaction?s activation energy, and are not consumed by the reaction either. Hypothesis: If the enzyme concentration decreases, then the enzyme activity will also decrease. If the substrate concentration decreases, then the enzyme activity will also decrease. If the pH increases, then the enzyme activity will also increase. If the temperature increases, then the enzyme activity will also increase. Key Terms Definitions: Enzymes: a macromolecule serving as a catalyst Catalase: a common?enzyme?found in nearly all living organisms

Cell Bio chapter 8

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Non-competitive inhibition

ATP hydrolysis

Concept 8.1 What is energy? Potential energy = stored energy Chemical bonds Concentration gradients (can be used to do cellular work) Electrical potential Kinetic energy = movement energy Heat = molecular motion Mechanical = moving molecules past each other Electrical = moving charged particles Forms of energy Biker at top of hill potential Biker going down hill kinetic Why do cells need energy? Synthetic work = building macromolecules (e.g., making protein) mechanical work = moving molecules past each other e.g., muscle shortening concentration work = creating chemical gradients e.g. storing glucose electrical work = creating ion gradients e.g., unequal distribution of sodium and potassium ions Metabolic pathways Catabolic pathways ? release energy

Metabolism

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Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Overview: The Energy of Life the living cell is a miniature factory where thousands of chemical reactions occur energy is converted in many ways some organisms convert energy into light ? bioluminescence Concept 8.1: An organisms metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics metabolism is the totality of an organism?s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways an emergent property arising from the interaction of molecules Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway)

Campbell Biology Chapter 8 Outline

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ATP hydrolysis

Mica Piro Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism An organism?s Metabolism Transforms Matter and Energy, Subject to the Laws of Thermodynamics (8.1) The totality of an organism?s chemical reactions is called metabolism It is an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme Metabolism as a whole manages the material and energy resources of the cell Some pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds?these degraditive processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways

AP BIO Chapter 08

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