Adenosine triphosphate

Integral membrane proteins

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Oxidative phosphorylation

Glycolysis

Electron transport chain

Citric acid cycle

Glucose

Cell Respiration Vocab Acetyl Coenzyme A??-? A small molecule that carries acetyl functional groups in cells. Composed of an acetyl group attached to a coenzyme A molecule. The starting product of the citric acid cycle. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)??-? The molecule from which cells derive energy. Comprised of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphates, each phosphate bond contains energy, especially the third bond. By breaking that one bond and reducing ATP to adenosine?diphosphate (ADP), the cell can get the energy to carry out its various processes. Aerobic respiration??-? A metabolic process involving oxygen in the breakdown of glucose.

Campbell's Biology 9 Edition Chapter 8 Outline

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Enzyme

Glucose

Ch.8 Notes Date Notes Questions 10/12/15 To types of metabolic pathways Catabolic pathways (breaking down, breaking down energy) Anabolic pathways (storing energy, build up) Pathways can be complex and have multiple steps Pathways are the chemical reactions Ex pathways a->b->c-> (a, b and c are chemicals) Living organisms are chemical computers Design like circuit boards Some people working on DNA based computer Also there are works on neuro networks Organisms always share chemicals with everyone Prokaryotes have a much simpler pathways than eukaryotes Metabolic theory that there is a mathematical formula that can explain the interaction of organisms. Energy cannot be created or destroyed Sunlight->Glucose->ATP->Heat Glucose more desired because easiest way to get ATP

Campbell's Biology 9 Edition Chapter 9 Outline

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Substrate-level phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation

mitochondrion

Ch. 9 Notes Energy flows through systems not recyclable Matter recyclable Cellular respiration: Require ATP to be done Energy used to make ADP to ATP from glucose ATP modified RNA nucleotide A lot of APT necessary to do the smallest of tasks If ATP stopped being made we could only live 4 seconds Mitochondria make the ATP in plants and animals Chloroplasts convert sunlight into organic molecules to be used Glucose + 6 Oxygen -> 6 Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP Oxidation and reduction has to do with 90% of ATP being produced NAD+ + H+ + 2e- = NADH Instrumental in the production of ATP More NADH the more ATP will be produced 2 different mechanisms contribute to ATP production Substrate level Phosphorylation: Chemiosmosis (Oxidative Phosphorylation):

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Electron Transport Notes

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Oxidative phosphorylation

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cellular respiration

Electron transport chain

mitochondrion

ATP synthase

redox

Citric acid cycle

Oxygen

Electrochemical gradient

Intermembrane space

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT Adenisine Triphosphate (ATP)??-? The molecule from which cells derive energy. Comprised of an adenisine molecule bonded to three phosphates. Each phosphate bond contains energy, especially the third bond. By breaking that one bond and reducing ATP to adenisine?diphosphate (ADP), the cell can get the energy to carry out its various processes. Electron transport chain??-? Term used to describe the flow of electrons generated by the oxidation of NADH and FADH2. Responsible for establishing an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that powers the synthesis of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.

Glycolysis Notes

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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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Lactate dehydrogenase

Tumor hypoxia

Fructose

Glycolysis Adenisine Triphosphate (ATP)??-? The molecule from which cells derive energy. Comprised of an adenisine molecule bonded to three phosphates, each phosphate bond contains energy, especially the third bond. By breaking that one bond and reducing ATP to adenisine?diphosphate (ADP), the cell can get the energy to carry out its various processes. Alcohol dehydrogenase??-? The glycolytic enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reaction that converts acetaldehyde to ethanol in the alcoholic fermentation of pyruvate. Alcoholic fermentation??-? The process that converts pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethanol that takes place in yeast under anaerobic conditions.

AP bio exam review

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Molecular biology

cellular respiration

cell

Page 1 AP Biology: 2013 Exam Review AP BIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW GUIDE ?The price of success is hard work, dedication to the job at hand, and the determination that whether we win or lose, we have applied the best of ourselves to the task at hand.? Page 2 AP Biology: 2013 Exam Review CONCEPT 1 - BIOCHEMISTRY 1. CHNOPS- most common elements in all living matter 2. Bonds- ionic (transfer electrons), covalent (sharing- polar/unequal sharing and non-polar/equal sharing), hydrogen (weak bonds between hydrogen and negatively charged items), hydrophobic interactions (how non-polar compounds congregate together- lipids) 3. pH a. acid-base/ 0-14, # of H ions determines scale; logarithmic- pH 3 = 10-3 = 1/1000

Cellular Respiration

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cellular respiration

Electron transport chain

Carbohydrate catabolism

Glycolysis

Citric acid cycle

redox

Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration can be described as a chemical process that breaks bonds in food molecules or transforms chemical energy from organic molecules into ATP. - Only 40% of food energy is extracted and used for cellular work where the other 60% leaves in the form of heat energy ATP= Provides chemical energy for cellular work/processes in the cell. Structure= Composed of complex organic molecule called adenosine with a tail of three phosphate groups and a ribose sugar- pentose (ADP+P=ATP) (ADP is a diphosphate with an adenosine) ATP is recycled from ADP and phosphate through cellular respiration, ADP and P are connected to create ATP to be used for cell processes, ATP is used for cellular work and ADP and P are extracted from food molecules to create ATP again.

Anaerobic Respiration

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Anaerobic respiration

Lactic acid fermentation

Carbon dioxide

Stoma

Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration is the process in which a glucose is split into two pyruvates and then transferred to lactic acid or ethyl alcohol depending on the environment, does not use oxygen Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm, outside of the mitochondria Lactic Acid Fermentation: Occurs at the time of strenuous activity or exercise to make two additional ATP on top of regular aerobic respiration that produces 38 ATP - Takes place in muscles, or with food products such as yogurt, cheese Does not use oxygen because there is enough oxygen for aerobic respiration however oxygen is now being pumped to the heart so it is not available for anaerobic respiration.

Bio in focus chapter 5 (AP)

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Peripheral membrane proteins

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Cell membrane

Biological membrane

Hormone

G protein

Cell surface receptor

Lipid raft

Chapter 5 Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling Fluid Mosaic Model Major Membrane Components Phospholipids Phosphate, glycerol, 2 fatty acids Fatty acid composition influences membrane fluidity Hydrophilic phosphate; hydrophobic fatty acids Cholesterol Influences membrane fluidity (flexibility) Glycoproteins Important in cell-to-cell recognition Proteins Integral ? passes through cell membrane Peripheral ? attached to one side of membrane Phospholipids Proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid tails affect membrane fluidity Cholesterol Reduces membrane fluidity Prevents solidification of membrane at low temperatures Glycoproteins Carbohydrate chains (attached to proteins) vary between species, individuals, and even cell types Important in identifying ?self?

biology in focus chapter 6 (AP)

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Purines

Enzyme