mitochondrion

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Substrate-level phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Ch. 9 Notes Energy flows through systems not recyclable Matter recyclable Cellular respiration: Require ATP to be done Energy used to make ADP to ATP from glucose ATP modified RNA nucleotide A lot of APT necessary to do the smallest of tasks If ATP stopped being made we could only live 4 seconds Mitochondria make the ATP in plants and animals Chloroplasts convert sunlight into organic molecules to be used Glucose + 6 Oxygen -> 6 Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP Oxidation and reduction has to do with 90% of ATP being produced NAD+ + H+ + 2e- = NADH Instrumental in the production of ATP More NADH the more ATP will be produced 2 different mechanisms contribute to ATP production Substrate level Phosphorylation: Chemiosmosis (Oxidative Phosphorylation):

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Electron Transport Notes

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Oxidative phosphorylation

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cellular respiration

Electron transport chain

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

ATP synthase

redox

Citric acid cycle

Oxygen

Electrochemical gradient

Intermembrane space

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT Adenisine Triphosphate (ATP)??-? The molecule from which cells derive energy. Comprised of an adenisine molecule bonded to three phosphates. Each phosphate bond contains energy, especially the third bond. By breaking that one bond and reducing ATP to adenisine?diphosphate (ADP), the cell can get the energy to carry out its various processes. Electron transport chain??-? Term used to describe the flow of electrons generated by the oxidation of NADH and FADH2. Responsible for establishing an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that powers the synthesis of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.

AP bio exam review

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Molecular biology

cellular respiration

cell

Page 1 AP Biology: 2013 Exam Review AP BIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW GUIDE ?The price of success is hard work, dedication to the job at hand, and the determination that whether we win or lose, we have applied the best of ourselves to the task at hand.? Page 2 AP Biology: 2013 Exam Review CONCEPT 1 - BIOCHEMISTRY 1. CHNOPS- most common elements in all living matter 2. Bonds- ionic (transfer electrons), covalent (sharing- polar/unequal sharing and non-polar/equal sharing), hydrogen (weak bonds between hydrogen and negatively charged items), hydrophobic interactions (how non-polar compounds congregate together- lipids) 3. pH a. acid-base/ 0-14, # of H ions determines scale; logarithmic- pH 3 = 10-3 = 1/1000

Endomembrane System

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organelles

Endomembrane system

Vesicle

cell

Endomembrane System This system controls the process of making proteins specified by the DNA in the nucleus and includes the organelles of the smooth ER, rough ER, and golgi apparatus. *Although ribosomes make proteins, it is not included in this system because it is not a membrane bound organelle and just composed of RNA and proteins.

Cellular Respiration

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cellular respiration

Electron transport chain

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Carbohydrate catabolism

Glycolysis

Citric acid cycle

redox

Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration can be described as a chemical process that breaks bonds in food molecules or transforms chemical energy from organic molecules into ATP. - Only 40% of food energy is extracted and used for cellular work where the other 60% leaves in the form of heat energy ATP= Provides chemical energy for cellular work/processes in the cell. Structure= Composed of complex organic molecule called adenosine with a tail of three phosphate groups and a ribose sugar- pentose (ADP+P=ATP) (ADP is a diphosphate with an adenosine) ATP is recycled from ADP and phosphate through cellular respiration, ADP and P are connected to create ATP to be used for cell processes, ATP is used for cellular work and ADP and P are extracted from food molecules to create ATP again.

Campbell9thEdChapter6Tour of the Cell

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cell

Outline of cell biology

Actin

plant cell

Biological membrane

A Tour of the Cell Chapter 6 Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life All organisms are made of cells The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive Cell structure is correlated to cellular function All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1 Concept 6.1: Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells Though usually too small to be seen by the unaided eye, cells can be complex ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Microscopy Scientists use microscopes to visualize cells too small to see with the naked eye In a light microscope (LM), visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses Lenses refract (bend) the light, so that the image is magnified

AP Bio Chp 6

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organelles

cell

Endomembrane system

Cytoskeleton

Vesicle

AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Concept 6.1 To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry 1. The study of cells has been limited by their small size, and so they were not seen and described until 1665, when Robert Hooke first looked at dead cells from an oak tree. His contemporary, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, crafted lenses; and with the improvements in optical aids, a new world was opened. Magnification and resolving power limit what can be seen. Explain the difference.

quiz 6

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organelles

Protein targeting

cell

Genome

Which of the following organelles is incorrectly matched with its function? a. mitochondria : ATP production b. SER : detoxification of drugs and poisons c. lysosome : digestion d. gap junctions : cell communication e. microfilaments and flagella motion Which of the following pairs of structures is incorrectly matched? a. mitochondria- thylakoid membranes b. peroxisomes ? hydrogen peroxide c. nucleus - chromatin d. SER- Ca++ storage e. nucleolus ? ribosome components

cell

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cell

The Cell The cell is one of the most important concepts in biology since every living organism is made of cells. Bacteria are single celled while you are made up of trillions of cells. As different as we are from bacteria, our cells share some important similarities. All cells have a cell membrane that separates them from the outside environment and all cells have ribosomes where proteins are made. Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 United States, more free study guides at www.Biology101.org, copyright Anthony D'Onofrio a quick overview The basic diagram of the cell shown above represents most eukaryotic cells (humans, plants, fungi). One main distinction is that plants have a cell wall outside the cell membrane that animal cells lack.

Cell and Transport Study Guide

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