Vesicle

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Endomembrane system

cell

Endomembrane System This system controls the process of making proteins specified by the DNA in the nucleus and includes the organelles of the smooth ER, rough ER, and golgi apparatus. *Although ribosomes make proteins, it is not included in this system because it is not a membrane bound organelle and just composed of RNA and proteins.

Raven Biology Chapter 4 Notes

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cell

Outline of cell biology

Eukaryote

Vacuole

Gavin Morgan 9/23/2015 Chapter 4 2-Point Notes Cell theory is the unifying foundation of cell biology: 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the smallest living things, and arise only by division of a previously existing cell. Cell size is limited: 1. As the size of a cell increases, the length of time for diffusion from the outside membrane to the interior of the cell increases as well. 2. Some cells, such as skeletal muscle cells, have more than on nucleus, allowing genetic information to be spread around a large cell. Microscopes allow visualization of cells and components:

AP Bio Chp 6

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cell

Endomembrane system

Cytoskeleton

AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Concept 6.1 To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry 1. The study of cells has been limited by their small size, and so they were not seen and described until 1665, when Robert Hooke first looked at dead cells from an oak tree. His contemporary, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, crafted lenses; and with the improvements in optical aids, a new world was opened. Magnification and resolving power limit what can be seen. Explain the difference.

Cell bio chapter 6

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Cell Biology

Endomembrane system

cell

Cells Use molecules to: Transform energy and matter Respond to the environment Reproduce themselves Lowest level that can perform all activities required for life Cell theory Cells are the fundamental units of life All organisms are composed of cells All cells are going to be derived from preexisting cells Are similar in chemical composition Concept 6.1 Microscopes and the Tools of Biochemistry are used to Study Cells Magnification: ratio of image size to real size Resolution: measure of clarity What is the minimum distance required to distinguish two points as separate Light microscopy View living cells Magnify 2000X Resolution: 200nm Electron microscopes View dead cells Magnify 2,000,000X Resolution 0.2 nm Scanning electron microscopy Surface of a specimen (3D)

Cell Membranes

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Membrane biology

Cell membrane

Lipid bilayer

Semipermeable membrane

Membrane protein

Facilitated diffusion

Cell Membranes Contents: Structure: the basics Fluid mosaic model/freeze fracture technique Membrane fluidity Membrane fluidity and cholesterol The Basics? The plasma membrane separates the living cell from its surroundings Phospholipids make up the majority of the bilayer Phospholipids consists of a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules: containing both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region The plasma membrane is described by the fluid mosaic model: The membrane is fluid with a variety of ?mosaic? proteins embedded in it The plasma membrane is selectively permeable: Small fat soluble (hydrophobic ? non polar) molecules, can enter the cell through the lipid bilayer (this occurs rapidly) e.g. hydrocarbons

The Endomembrane system

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cell

The Endomembrane system Organelle recap? Ribosomes Ribosomes: a complex of ribosomal RNA (rRNA, synthesised in the nucleolus) and proteins Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in: The cystol/plasm (free ribosomes) On the outside of the rough endoplasmic reticulum Free ribosomes make proteins used within the cell e.g. enzymes Bound ribosomes make proteins which are often secreted e.g insulin made in pancreatic cells Endoplasmic reticulum Form Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope There are two distinct regions of ER: Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes Rough ER: ribosomes are bound to the outer membrane Functions: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The Cell

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anatomy

cell

Lysosome

Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions two types of cells make up all organisms?prokaryotic and eukaryotic only domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotes Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells bounded by a membrane?plasma membrane within the membrane is a semifluid. cytosol, in which organelles are found all contain chromosomes and ribosomes Prokaryotic Cells no nucleus; DNA is concentrated in a region called the nucleoid, but no membrane separates this region from the rest of the cell Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus, bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope entire region between the nucleus and plasma membrane is the cytoplasm

Campbell Biology Chapter 6 Outline

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