Precipitation

AP Chemistry MIDTERM review D

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Chemistry

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salt

When water evaporates at constant pressure, the sign of the change in enthalpy: a. is negative b. is positive c. depends on the temperature d. depends on the volume of water e. does not exist because the enthalpy change is zero D 100 When water evaporates, the forces holding one water molecule to another water molecule (hydrogen bonds) must be broken. To break these connections, heat energy needs to be added. Therefore this is an endothermic process with a positive delta H. 1 D 200 D 300 2H2S + O2 ? 2S + 2H2O If 102 g of H2S are combined with 64 g of O2, what is the maximum mass of elemental sulfur that could be produced by the reaction? D 400 Fe2O3 + 3CO ? 2Fe + 3CO2

Double Replacement Products - Notes

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Chemistry

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Salt metathesis reaction

Sodium sulfate

solubility

Notes - Double Replacement Products TERMS Soluble - substances that can be dissolved in water. Insoluble - substances that cannot be dissolved in water. Precipitate - a substance that falls out of solution when it is one of the products of a reaction. Precipitates are insoluble in water. The symbol for a precipitate is ? and would be a solid (s) for the state of matter RULES In a double replacement reaction the metal parts of each reactant switch places. Write down the new products. Look up the new products in a table of solubilities. If a product is listed as being insoluble, this product is a precipitate. Write the symbol for a precipitate, ? , after any product that is listed in the table of solubilities as being insoluble.

Chemical Reactions - Notes

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Chemistry

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Salt metathesis reaction

REACTANTS ?PRODUCTS 1.? Starting substances (reactants) becomes new substances (products). 2. Bonds are broken and new bonds are formed, but atoms are not created or destroyed (just rearranged). Law of Conservation of Mass PRODUCTS REACTANTS SENTENCE EQUATION Iron reacts with oxygen to produce rust WORD EQUATION Iron + oxygen ? iron (III) oxide SKELETON EQUATION Fe + O2 ?Fe2O3 These DO NOT indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products. BALANCED EQUATION most correct equation includes the physical states of each substance uses coefficients 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)?2 Fe2O3(s) Learn chart of symbols on page 206 in text. Skeleton equation Word equation Sentence equation Balanced equation Skeleton equation Word equation Sentence equation

chap_1_earth_7th_edition_de_blij.pdf

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Human Geography

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crops

Seed

Climate

Wheat

Tomato

Precipitation

Rain

Agronomy

Environment

Name: ___________________________________________ Period: ________ Date: _________ Unit 1 The Earth as Humanity?s Home AP Human Geography Development of Agriculture __________ ________ = the current interglacial period, extending 12,000 years ago. Perhaps 4 -8 million people were alive at the beginning of this period ________ __________ = the process of planned cultivation of root and/or seed crops that began as early as 14,000 years ago in several culture hearths across the globe; may have begun in southeastern Asia (Sauer) ? ______ ______ = plants that grow as tubers in the tropics (yams, sweet potatoes, manioc,?) ? ______ ______ = field crops, such as barley or wheat; more complex cultivation process involving

lab10

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Chemistry

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Iodides

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Living in the Environment 16th Ed. : Ch.7 Key Terms

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Environmental Science

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Atmospheric sciences

Meteorology

Atmospheric thermodynamics

biome

Climate

Rain

Water vapor

Soil

Environment

Chapter 7 biomes large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals, regardless of where they are found in the world. climate an area?s general pattern of atmospheric or weather conditions measured over long periods of time ranging from decades to thousands of years. currents Prevailing winds blowing over the oceans produce mass movements of surface water called currents. desert In a desert, annual precipitation is low and often scattered unevenly throughout the year. During the day, the baking sun warms the ground and causes evaporation of moisture from plant leaves and soil. But at night, most of the heat stored in the ground radiates quickly into the atmosphere. forest systems are lands dominated by trees. grasslands

Moisture

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Environmental Science

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Humidity Moisture content of the atmosphere Relative Humidity ? the percentage of saturation of the air. 50% humidity means that the air is holding half of the water it is capable of holding 100% humidity is when the air is holding all of the water vapor it can possibly hold ? air is fully saturated and probably precipitating This represents a parcel of air 20 ?C 0 ?C 10 ?C This is moisture 20 ?C HOW FULL IS IT? How could this air mass become 100% full? 10 ?C 0 ?C 20 ?C Drop its temp! What are two ways that nature changes R.H.? What is the Dew Point Temperature? The temperature to which the air mass must drop down to so that R.H is 100% At this point the air is said to be SATURATED

Weather

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Environmental Science

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What are 3 major variables that affect our weather? WATCH THE VIDEO! Factors that affect Temperature What is moisture? Water found in one of its three forms: 1. SOLID (ICE/SNOW) 2. LIQUID (RAIN) 3. GAS (WATER VAPOR) Precipitation is moisture that FALLS from the atmosphere above. Precipitation cleans the atmosphere of condensation nuclei Why does precipitation occur? Air can only hold a certain amount of water vapor before it will overfill and condense This is known as capacity ROOM FOR ONE MORE???? What temp. air can hold more W.V.? Warm air can hold MORE water vapor WHY????? Cold air holds LESS water vapor Every 10 degree Celsius increase doubles the air?s capacity Every 10 degree Celsius decrease cuts capacity in half * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Clouds

Subject:

Environmental Science

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What about clouds? What are clouds? Large masses of millions of water droplets suspended in air Water evaporates from lakes, streams, and oceans and enters into the air Transpiration ? the loss of water from plants through their leaves Evapotranspiration ? combines evaporation and transpiration Example of Transpiration: Cloud Forest Steps involved in cloud formation: ?..Warm, MOIST air RISES ?.a drop in air pressure causes?.. ?.Expansion and the air Cools .... Water vapor then?.. ??..Condenses on?? ?..Condensation Nuclei (a surface upon which condensation droplets can stick on. Ex: dirt, salt, smoke) ??..Clouds form!!! Condensation Nuclei Size comparison between raindrop and condensation nuclei Cirrus clouds ? High altitude clouds Cumulus Clouds

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 8d

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Chemistry

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Chemistry

Chemical reactions

Salt metathesis reaction

Single displacement reaction

Hydrogen chloride

Precipitation

Chemical equation

Chemical decomposition

Chlorine

Types of Reactions Types of Reactions There are four types of reactions. Synthesis Decomposition Single replacement Double replacement Occurs when two substances unite Synthesis A + B AB Synthesis 2 Mg + O2 2 MgO magnesium(element) oxygen(element) magnesium oxide(compound) 4 Occurs when a substance splits into parts Decomposition AB A + B Decomposition hydrogen(element) oxygen(element) water(compound) 2 H2O 2 H2 + O2 6 Occurs when a more active substance replaces one part of a compound that is less active Single Replacement Y X + X Y Z Z + Single Replacement hydrogen(element) potassiumhydroxide(compound) water(compound) potassium(element) 2 K + 2 H2O H2 + 2 KOH 8 These reactions are also called displacement or substitution reactions. Single Replacement

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AP Chemistry MIDTERM review D

Double Replacement Products - Notes

Chemical Reactions - Notes

chap_1_earth_7th_edition_de_blij.pdf

lab10

Living in the Environment 16th Ed. : Ch.7 Key Terms

Moisture

Weather

Clouds

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 8d

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