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Chemical engineering

Bio Ch. 42

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Acclimatization - short-term, reversible responses to environmental fluctuations // phenotypic change in an individual in response to short-term changes in the natural environment. The ability to acclimatize is itself an adaptation. As an individual develops, the embryonic tissues give rise to four adult tissue types: 1. Connective tissue loose connective tissue - fibrous proteins in a soft matrix; serves as a packing material b/w organs or padding under the skin (ex: reticular connective tissue in lymphoid organs such as the spleen and bone marrow/ adipose tissue or fat tissue are loose connective tissues made up of cells suspended in a matrix of fibers and fluid) dense connective tissue - found in tendons and ligaments that connect muscles, bones,

Chapter 7

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Chemistry 1210: Introduction to General Chemistry Dr. Gina M. Florio 18 October 2012 Brady, Jespersen, Hyslop Chapter 7 Energy & Chemical Change Thermochemistry: the study of energy flow during a chemical reaction Ch. 7.1 Energy: the ability to do work; often measured as heat Kinetic Energy: the energy of motion; KE = ?mv2 Potential Energy: stored or positional energy; chemical energy (no simple eqn.) Conservation of Energy: 1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed 2. Energy is only converted from one form to another (KE ? PE) 3. Total energy of the universe (or an isolated system) is constant Thermochemistry: Basic Definitions Units of Energy 1 Joule (J) ? the KE possessed by a 2 kg object moving at a velocity of 1 m/s 1 cal = 4.184 J (exactly) 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ

Chapter 12a

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Chemistry 1220: Introduction to General Chemistry Dr. Gina M. Florio 08 Dec. 2012 Jespersen, Brady, Hyslop Chapter 12.1-12.5 Intermolecular Attractions and the Properties of Liquids and Solids 1 Phases of Matter Intermolecular Interactions (interactions between molecules) determine the physical properties/states of matter . Important differences between gases, solids, and liquids: Gases Expand to fill their container Liquids Retain volume, but not shape Solids Retain volume and shape Types of Intermolecular Interactions Dipole-Dipole (including Hydrogen Bonding) Ion-Dipole Dispersion (Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole) Ion-Induced Dipole Intermolecular Interactions (interactions between molecules):

Chapter 11

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Chemistry 1210: Introduction to General Chemistry Dr. Gina M. Florio 06 Dec. 2012 Brady, Jespersen, & Hyslop Chapter 11 Properties of Gases Properties of Gases Compressible Low Density Exert Pressure (temperature dependence) Expand Mixable Some common properties of gases: While bulk properties, these intimate a molecular level foundation. Properties of Gases Recall that our understanding of kinetic energy in molecular systems relies on a molecular-level picture of gases. Kinetic Theory of Gases (CH 7) Example: Pressure Units of Pressure Standard atmosphere (atm): the pressure needed to support a column of mercury 760 mm high measures at 0 ?C The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa): Pressure Measurements Open-ended Mercury Manometer:

worksheet

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The coordinates of Quakertown is 40 degrees north and 75 degrees west, it is North of Philadelphia and close to the coast of the Atlantic. In the south eastern part of Pennsylvania. Formal regions: Wawa Land; We live around a lot of Wawa stations. Agricultural; there are a lot of farms nearby. Christian Religion; main religion is Christianity. Functional Region: Power Plants; a good majority of the energy that is supplied to people who live in Quakertown comes from power plants Vernacular Region: Amish; we live close to Amish communities

Incineration

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Further Application of Incineration ? new fuel cell Original fuel cell New fuel cell using incineration waste Waste : fly ash reason: high calcium content (66.8 wt% )for the formation of calcium phosphate hydrogel What is calcium phosphate hydrogel? a type of fast proton conductor, increase the efficiency of fuel cell Calcium phosphate hydrogel (a) Incineration fly ash + phosphoric acid (b) mixture of K2CO3 and CaCO3 reagents (c) CaCO3 reagent Performance of new fuel cell Performance of new fuel cell The performance of the fuel cell containing calcium phosphate hydrogel synthesized from incineration fly ash is almost equal to that of the fuel cell containing a hydrogel membrane obtained from other reagents

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 8c

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Writing Equations Chemical Equations Math equations show equalities. Chemical equations show processes (one chemical changes to another chemical). A Chemical Equation Must: Identify all the substances involved. Show the composition of the substances (use formulas). A Chemical Equation Must: Account for all the atoms. (There must be the same number of atoms of every element on both sides of the equation.) Parts of an Equation Reactants Products Coefficients Arrow Example reactants Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2 H2O + 2 CaCO3 products The ?2? is a coefficient to tell how many molecules of each compound are present. What tells you how many atoms of an element are in a molecule? Symbol Subscript Coefficient Catalyst Question 7 Special Symbols in Equations g?: A gas was produced.

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 2c

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Section 2C States of Matter Kinetic-Molecular Theory All particles are in motion. Add energy = increase motion. Motion tries to tear apart matter. Attractive forces hold matter together. Attractive ? electrical, between particles Disruptive ? caused by kinetic energy (motion) Balance between these forces determines state. Kinetic-Molecular Theory Two Forces Solid Low energy Touching Locked in place Only vibrate (The inter-molecular forces are higher in energy than the kinetic energy.) 4 p. 41 of Chem. textbook Liquid More kinetic energy Still touching Not locked in place Can roll around (The intermolecular forces are almost equal to the kinetic energy.) 5 p. 41 of Chem. textbook Atoms are touching. Attractions are greater than repulsions. Atoms roll around. Atoms are small.

Hydraulic

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Ban Hydraulic Fracking (Aff.) Only2% of the U.S. natural gas supply in 2000; it was 37% in 2012. This U.S. energy boom comes largely thanks to the technology of "fracking," or hydraulic fracturing, coupled with horizontal drilling methods that allow for much faster, more efficient extraction of oil and natural gas. But the question is, is fracking justified? I stand here today to state that it is not. Therefore, I asked that the house vote in affirmation to this bill. Many fracking additives are toxic, carcinogenic or mutagenic and many are kept secret. In the United States, such secrecy has been abetted by the 2005 ?Halliburton loophole,' which exempts fracking from many of the nation?s major federal environmental-protection laws, including the Safe Drinking Water Act...

6 glasses partial

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History of the world in 6 glasses, spirits: Cordoba was capital of Arab Andalusia, and had a ginormous library.Arabs advance in astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and philosophy, and invent astrolabe, algebra, and modern numeral system, herbs as anesthetics, navigation based on the compass, trigonometry, and nautical maps. Also refined and popularized distillation. Distillation began in 4th millennium BC in northern Mesopotamia, and was used for perfumes. Distillation applied to wine by Arab Jabir ibn Hayyan, father of chemistry. Distillation makes wine stronger due to lower boiling point of alchohol than water. Rectification is repeated distillation

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