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Molecular genetics

Chromosomes

Subject: 
Biology
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Cytogenetics
chromosomes
Classical genetics
Genetics
Molecular genetics
Karyotype
Ploidy
Homologous chromosome
Somatic cell
Gamete
Sex-determination system
Autosome

Surface Area to Volume Ratio and Karyotypes Surface Area= Area of each side of an object combined (Ex= Cube has 6 sides so the surface area would be the area of each side added all together) Volume= The amount of space that an object occupies, length x width x height Surface area to volume ratio can be described as the bigger something is or the more volume, the less surface area. On the other hand, the smaller something is or the less volume, then the more surface area.

Pearson Ch 13 - Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

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Biology
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Molecular genetics
Cellular processes
cell cycle
chromosomes
Developmental biology
Meiosis
Homologous chromosome
Ploidy
Gamete
Sister chromatids
Chromatid
mitosis

Ch 13: Meiosis and sexual life cycles Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosome Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction In asexual reproduction, a single individual passes genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes A clone is a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent In sexual reproduction, two parents give rise to offspring, through the fusion of gametes, that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents Concept 13.2: Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycle Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells Human somatic cells (any cell other than a gamete) have 23 pairs of chromosomes The two chromosomes in each pair are called homologous chromosomes, or homologs

Pearson Ch 15 - The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

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Biology
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Genetics
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Epigenetics
chromosomes
Y chromosome
Homologous chromosome
Genomic imprinting
X-inactivation
Genetic linkage
Allosome
X chromosome

Ch 15: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance and Gene Linkage Overview: Locating Genes on Chromosomes Mendel?s ?hereditary factors? were genes Today we can show that genes are located on chromosomes The location of a particular gene can be seen by tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent dye that highlights the gene The chromosome theory of inheritance states: Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can account for Mendel?s laws of segregation and independent assortment Concept 15.1: Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes Morgan?s Experimental Evidence

Pearson Ch 16 - The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

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Biology
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DNA
Molecular genetics
Genetics
nucleic acids
Okazaki fragments
Semiconservative replication
Chromatin
Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acid double helix
Base pair
D-loop
Telomere

16 - The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Ch. 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Concept 16.1: DNA is the genetic material Early in the 20th century, the identification of the molecules of inheritance loomed as a major challenge to biologists When T. H. Morgan?s group showed that genes are located on chromosomes, the two components of chromosomes?DNA and protein?became candidates for the genetic material A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins The bacterial chromosome is a double-stranded, circular DNA molecule associated with a small amount of protein Eukaryotic chromosomes have linear DNA molecules associated with a large amount of protein In a bacterium, the DNA is ?supercoiled? and found in a region of the cell called the nucleoid

Pearson Ch. 17 - From Gene to Protein

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Biology
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Gene expression
Molecular biology
Protein biosynthesis
RNA
Molecular genetics
Translation
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Transcription
Ribosome
Genetic code
Primary transcript

Ch 17 - From Gene to Protein Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins Proteins are the links between genotype and phenotype Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation How was the fundamental relationship between genes and proteins discovered? Evidence from the Study of Metabolic Defects

Principles of Biology Macmillan Chapter 11

Subject: 
Biology
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cell cycle
Cellular processes
Molecular genetics
mitosis
chromosomes
Meiosis
Cell growth
Sister chromatids
Homologous chromosome
cell division
Spindle apparatus
Chromosome

Biology Chapter 11 Cell Division: 11.1 A) Cell Division Cell Division: the process by which a single cell becomes two daughter cells Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission Eukaryotic cells divide by Mitosis and Cytokinesis Ori = Origin of replication (code for replication ) B) Binary Fission FtsZ, a protein it encodes forms a ring at the site of constriction where the new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells (very similar to Tublin) Cell Division in bacteria and archaeon?s occurs by binary fission Together, mitosis and cytokinesis are known as mitotic cell division. M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis) alternates with interphase, which consists of G1, S (synthesis), and G2?phases. These four stages together constitute the cell cycle.

Analysis of Two Important American Inventions from the 1950's

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US History
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Biotechnology
DNA
nucleic acids
Helices
Molecular genetics
Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acid double helix
Genetics
Maurice Wilkins
Francis Crick

A major technological advancement in the 1950?s that changed culture was the development of the hydrogen bomb by the U.S. and later the USSR. This discovery created an atmosphere of fear of nuclear annihilation and resulted in an arms race. Each country fought to create bigger and better bombs and delivery systems. Public service announcements prepared the world for a nuclear war in which both nations would face large-scale, probably suicidal, retaliation strikes. Movies such as Godzilla came to feature monsters mutated by nuclear testing. Movements were founded to fight for global disarmament. Comment by Erin Bohn: 25/25 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0dUIq8gHgc

ap_bio_chap_14_transcription_translation.ppt

Subject: 
Biology
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Gene expression
Protein biosynthesis
Molecular biology
RNA
Molecular genetics
Translation
Transfer RNA
Prokaryotic translation
Ribosome
Messenger RNA
Transcription
Genetic code

0 14 Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of genes is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides in DNA The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins Proteins are the links between genotype and phenotype Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation Concept 14.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation How was the fundamental relationship between genes and proteins discovered? Evidence from the Study of Metabolic Defects In 1902, British physician Archibald Garrod first suggested that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions

ap_bio_chap_10_meiosis.ppt

Subject: 
Biology
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cell cycle
chromosomes
Molecular genetics
Cytogenetics
mitosis
Meiosis
Chromatid
Homologous chromosome
Sister chromatids
Anaphase
Ploidy
Chromosome

0 10 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Overview: Variations on a Theme Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next Variation is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation Figure 10.1 Concept 10.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes In a literal sense, children do not inherit particular physical traits from their parents Inheritance of Genes Genes are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs) Most DNA is packaged into chromosomes

Chromatin folding

Subject: 
Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Epigenetics
Molecular genetics
DNA
Proteins
Chromatin
Histone
Nucleosome
Chromosome
Non-histone protein
Solenoid

Chromatin: The formation of chromosomes Chromatin is packed into chromosomes during mitosis. We will look at the steps from interphase to metaphase There are several levels of organisation in terms of chromatin folding? Free DNA 2nm Formation of the nucleosome: The DNA strand wraps around a core of eight histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4: x2) 1.65 times. Also known as ?beads-on-a-string? and is the basic chromatin structure. 10nm An H1 histone tails binds on the outside of the coil on each nucleosome unit, now chromatosome units. Further condensing occurs: 30nm Interactions between: Interactions between chromatosomes (nucleosomes and H1 histones) leads to more folding of the 30nm fibres, creating a thicker fibre. 30nm

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