Cell growth

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Cyclin

Aster

The Cell Cycle Chapter 12 Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind best distinguishes living things from nonliving matter The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or cell division ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. In unicellular organisms, division of one cell reproduces the entire organism Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for Development from a fertilized cell Growth Repair Cell division is an integral part of the cell cycle, the life of a cell from formation to its own division ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.2 (a) Reproduction of an amoeba (b) Growth and development of a sand dollar embryo (c) Tissue renewal in dividing bone marrow cells 20 ?m 100 ?m 200 ?m

Principles of Biology Macmillan Chapter 11

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Homologous chromosome

cell division

Spindle apparatus

Chromosome

Biology Chapter 11 Cell Division: 11.1 A) Cell Division Cell Division: the process by which a single cell becomes two daughter cells Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission Eukaryotic cells divide by Mitosis and Cytokinesis Ori = Origin of replication (code for replication ) B) Binary Fission FtsZ, a protein it encodes forms a ring at the site of constriction where the new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells (very similar to Tublin) Cell Division in bacteria and archaeon?s occurs by binary fission Together, mitosis and cytokinesis are known as mitotic cell division. M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis) alternates with interphase, which consists of G1, S (synthesis), and G2?phases. These four stages together constitute the cell cycle.

ap_bio_chap_9_cell_cycle.ppt

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Aster

Spindle apparatus

Cell growth

Cyclin

0 9 The Cell Cycle Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind best distinguishes living things from nonliving matter The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or cell division ? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.1 Reproduces the entire organism in unicellular organisms Enables multicellular eukaryotes to develop from a single cell and, once fully grown, to renew, repair, or replace cells as needed Is an integral part of the cell cycle, the life of a cell from formation to its own division ? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Division Concept 9.1: Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells

Regulation of the cell cycle

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Maturation promoting factor

cell cycle

Cyclin

S phase

Biochemical switches in the cell cycle

G1 and G1/S cyclins- budding yeast

Cell Cycle Regulation Cell cycle control systems The frequency of cell division varies with the type of cell Caused by the difference in regulation at the molecular level The stages of the cell cycle are regulated by a distinct cell cycle control system (similar to a clock) The cell cycle control system is regulated by both internal and external controls The clock has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received Cell cycle control systems: interphase and mitosis Interphase Makes up about 90% of the cell cycle: can be divided into subphases: G1 phase (?first gap?) S phase (?synthesis?) G2 phase (?second gap?) The cell grows during all three phases Chromosomes are only duplicated during the S phase

Campbell Biology Chapter 12 Outline

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Aster

Cohesin

Chromosome

Metaphase

Mica Piro Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Most Cell Division Results in Genetically Identical Daughter Cells (12.1) Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material A cell?s endowment of DNA, its genetic information, is called its genome A prokaryotic genome is often a single DNA molecule Eukaryotic genomes usually consist of a number of DNA molecules All of this DNA has to be copied, or replicated, before the cell can divide to form genetically identical daughter cells, and then the 2 copies must be separated so that each daughter cell ends up with a complete genome The replication and distribution of so much DNA is manageable because the DNA molecules are packaged into structures called chromosomes, because they take up certain dyes used in microscopy

AP Bio Review

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AP BIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 REVIEW UNIT 7 CONTINUED: ANIMAL FORM & FUNCTION Cell Communication Reception ? signal molecule binds to receptor protein in cell membranes causing it to change shape G protein coupled receptor Transduction = cascade of molecules activates relaying signal within cell Signal transduction pathway (ex. G-protein, tyrosine-kinase receptors, ion channel receptors) Phosphorylation cascades Secondary messenger system (ex. Cyclic AMP, Ca2+ ions, DAG, IP3) Response Transcription factors turn genes on or off Cellular activity activate enzymes, open cell membrane channels, apoptosis Scaffolding proteins Endocrine System (table page 961) Homeostasis Blood sugar regulation, blood calcium regulation Negative feedback, positive feedback Neurosecretory cells

AP Bio Review

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AP BIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 REVIEW UNIT 7 CONTINUED: ANIMAL FORM & FUNCTION Cell Communication Reception ? signal molecule binds to receptor protein in cell membranes causing it to change shape G protein coupled receptor Transduction = cascade of molecules activates relaying signal within cell Signal transduction pathway (ex. G-protein, tyrosine-kinase receptors, ion channel receptors) Phosphorylation cascades Secondary messenger system (ex. Cyclic AMP, Ca2+ ions, DAG, IP3) Response Transcription factors turn genes on or off Cellular activity activate enzymes, open cell membrane channels, apoptosis Scaffolding proteins Endocrine System (table page 961) Homeostasis Blood sugar regulation, blood calcium regulation Negative feedback, positive feedback Neurosecretory cells

chapter 12 note

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Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis The Key Roles of Cell Division Cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair Unicellular organisms (ex. Amoeba) will divide to reproduce entire organisms Cell division also will allows a multicellular organism to develop from a single cell The Key Roles of Cell Division DNA is passed from one generation of cells to the next without dilution. -cell duplicates it DNA - moves the 2 copies to opposite ends of the cell - and then splits into 2 daughter cells The Key Roles of Cell Division Concept 12.1 Cell Division distributes identical sets of chromosomes to daughter cells A cell?s genetic material is called its genome - prokaryote = single long DNA strand - eukaryote = number of DNA molecules Concept 12.1

Cell Cycle

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Cell Growth and Reproduction Cell Reproduction All cells come from preexisting cells. Cell division results in two cells that are identical to the parent cell. New cells are constantly being produced. Scientists noticed certain structures that appeared just before cell division and disappeared after. Chromosomes: structures which contain DNA and become darkly colored when stained For most of a cell?s life, chromosomes exist as chromatin Chromatin: long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones Histones are grouped in bunches called nucleosomes The Cell Cycle Cell cycle: the sequence of growth and division of a cell Two general periods of the cycle: growth and division The majority of a cell?s life is spent in the growth period known as interphase

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 10-13 Study Guide

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Cell surface receptor

Cell growth

Signal transduction

Kinetochore