Developmental biology

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reproductive system

fertility

Germ cells

Sperm

Zygote

Embryonic Development Every species undergoes embryonic development in a different way. In general, genes code for specific synthesis of proteins that determine what organs and systems will be composed. However, all species differentiate types of cells in different ways, which can include an uneven distribution of cytoplasmic determinants (can activate genes to differentiate between types of cells.) Additionally, the differences in cells are based on their location in the developing embryo. These two tactics lead to cell differentiation where cells become different types as well as morphogenesis or the way an animal takes shape.

Pearson Ch 13 - Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

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Meiosis

Homologous chromosome

Ploidy

Gamete

Sister chromatids

Chromatid

mitosis

Ch 13: Meiosis and sexual life cycles Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosome Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction In asexual reproduction, a single individual passes genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes A clone is a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent In sexual reproduction, two parents give rise to offspring, through the fusion of gametes, that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents Concept 13.2: Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycle Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells Human somatic cells (any cell other than a gamete) have 23 pairs of chromosomes The two chromosomes in each pair are called homologous chromosomes, or homologs

ap_bio_chap_16_development_stem_cells_cancer.ppt

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Induced pluripotent stem cell

Tumor suppressor gene

P53

Bicoid

Embryonic stem cell

cell cycle

Overview: Orchestrating Life?s Processes The development of a fertilized egg into an adult requires a precisely regulated program of gene expression Understanding this program has progressed mainly by studying model organisms Stem cells are key to the developmental process Orchestrating proper gene expression by all cells is crucial for life Figure 16.1 Concept 16.1: A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism A fertilized egg gives rise to many different cell types Cell types are organized successively into tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism Gene expression orchestrates the developmental programs of animals A Genetic Program for Embryonic Development

animal diversity part2

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Zoology

fish

Animal anatomy

Ichthyology

Echinoderms

Phyla

Anatomical terms of location

Starfish

Chordate

Madreporite

1 Acknowledgement: Nearly all materials in these three Animal Diversity labs are adapted from Seattle Community College Bio 212 online lab material. Animal Diversity Three IX Phylum Echinodermata The approximately 7,000 species of echinoderms are spiny skinned, slow moving or sessile marine animals that are voracious feeders. Adults have an unusual symmetry not found in any other animal. They have a pentamerous radial symmetry, meaning that the body is arranged into five (or multiples of five) repeating units radiating from a central area. However, their larval stages have bilateral symmetry which changes to pentamerous during development. Embryological development follows the typical deuterostome pattern.

animal diversity

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Zoology

anatomy

Digestive system

Animal anatomy

Gastrovascular cavity

sponge

? 1 ? ?

Ap Biology Chapter 47 Review

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Chapter 47: Animal Development Overview ?It is difficult to imagine that each of us began life as a single cell called a zygote ?A human embryo at about 6?8 weeks after conception shows development of distinctive features 1. An organism?s development is controlled by the genome of the zygote as well as by molecules from the mother that are in the cytoplasm of the egg. What are these proteins and RNAs called? ?Development is determined by the zygote?s genome and molecules in the egg called cytoplasmic determinants 2. What is cell differentiation? ?Cell differentiation is the specialization of cells 3. How do cytoplasmic determinants affect cell differentiation? ?Structure and function 4. What is morphogenesis? ?Morphogenesis is the process by which an animal takes shape

human reproduction

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anatomy

LECTURES 15-16: HUMAN REPRODUCTION 1 Human Reproduction Outline 2 ? Male & female reproductive systems ? Physical Structures and their functions ? Gametogenesis ? Gamete structure & function ? Reproductive endocrinology ? Hormonal regulation of male & female gametogenesis ? The principle of negative feedback ? Pregnancy & development ? Fertilization ? Placenta: structure & function ? Foetal development & factors affecting Objectives - At the end of this lesson you should be able to: 3 1. Describe the male and female reproductive systems 2. State the function of the components of the reproductive system 3. Outline the process of gametogenesis in the male and female systems 4. Describe how gametogenesis is controlled by

bio

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Cloning

Yevette Smith It has always been a dream of scientist to move stem cells into a place that needs more cells. They want to launch a medical revolution where organs and tissues might be repaired without having to use machines pumps. So when James Thomason reported that he had succeeded in removing cells from spare embryos at fertility clinics he and other scientists got a lot more than they bargained for. Every wanted to know where the needed going to embryos came from. This article talks about his story and everything else that happened.
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Chapter 9-Cellular Reproduction

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Cell Biology

cell cycle

Cellular processes

mitosis

cell

Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction CELLULAR GROWTH -As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area. -The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products. TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES -Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins. -Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient. -Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems. CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS -The need for signling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size. -Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions. THE CELL CYCLE -Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large -It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries

AP Biology Chapter 13 notes Campbell/Reece

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Alternation of generations

Meiosis

Ploidy

Biological life cycle

Gametophyte

sex