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Molecular genetics

Cell Cycle

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
cell cycle
mitosis
Cellular processes
Molecular genetics
Meiosis
Interphase
Cell growth
Cytokinesis
Spindle apparatus
Chromosome
health

Cell Growth and Reproduction Cell Reproduction All cells come from preexisting cells. Cell division results in two cells that are identical to the parent cell. New cells are constantly being produced. Scientists noticed certain structures that appeared just before cell division and disappeared after. Chromosomes: structures which contain DNA and become darkly colored when stained For most of a cell?s life, chromosomes exist as chromatin Chromatin: long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones Histones are grouped in bunches called nucleosomes The Cell Cycle Cell cycle: the sequence of growth and division of a cell Two general periods of the cycle: growth and division The majority of a cell?s life is spent in the growth period known as interphase

Genetics

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Environmental Science
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Biology
Cell Biology
mitosis
cell cycle
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Meiosis
Chromosome
Homologous chromosome
Ploidy
Anaphase
Metaphase
health

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER -Human body cells have 46 chromosomes -Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes -Homologous chromosomes- one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent -Same length -Same centromere position -Carry genes that control the same inherited traits HAPLOID AND DIPLOID CELLS -An organism produces gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation -Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes -A cell with n chromosomes is a haploid cell -A cell with 2n chromosomes is a diploid cell - MEIOSIS I -The sexual life cycle in animals ivolves meiosis -Meiosis produces gametes -When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored MEIOSIS

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
mitosis
cell cycle
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Meiosis
Chromosome
Homologous chromosome
Ploidy
Anaphase
Metaphase
health

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER -Human body cells have 46 chromosomes -Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes -Homologous chromosomes- one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent -Same length -Same centromere position -Carry genes that control the same inherited traits HAPLOID AND DIPLOID CELLS -An organism produces gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation -Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes -A cell with n chromosomes is a haploid cell -A cell with 2n chromosomes is a diploid cell - MEIOSIS I -The sexual life cycle in animals ivolves meiosis -Meiosis produces gametes -When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored MEIOSIS

Bio_160_Lecture4

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
RNA
Gene expression
Molecular biology
Molecular genetics
Epigenetics
Messenger RNA
Transcription factor
Regulation of gene expression
Chromatin
Gene
health

Gene Expression Chapter 11 ? Differentiation yields a variety of cell types, each expressing a different combination of genes ? Different types of cells make different proteins because different combinations of genes are active in each type Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells Fiure 11.2 Differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential Most differentiated cells retain a complete set of genes Root of carrot plant Root cells cultured in nutrient medium Cell division in culture Plantlet Adult Plant Single cell Figure 11.3 DNA packing in eukaryotic chromosomes helps regulate gene expression ? A chromosome contains DNA wound around clusters of histone proteins ? This beaded fiber is further wound and folded

Bio_160_Lecture3

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Classical genetics
Molecular biology
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Gene
Chromosome
Dominance
Homologous chromosome
DNA
Mutation
health

Inheritance and DNA Cellular Basis of Reproduction & Inheritance ? Chapter 8 The cell cycle multiplies cells and consists of two major phases Figure 8.5 ? The stages of cell division Figure 8.6 (Part 1) Figure 8.6 (Part 2) Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells Figure 8.7A The binding of growth factors to specific receptors on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for cell division. Control systemG1 S G2M G1 checkpoint Plasma membrane Growth factor Receptor protein Relay proteins Signal transduction pathway Figure 8.9B ? Cancer cells divide excessively to form masses of cells called tumors ?Malignant tumors can invade other tissues Tumor Glandular tissue A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells invade

Ch03_Bio PPT

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Classical genetics
Molecular biology
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Gene
Chromosome
Dominance
Mutation
Meiosis
DNA
health

Inheritance and DNA Cellular Basis of Reproduction & Inheritance Chapter 8 The cell cycle multiplies cells and consists of two major phases Figure 8.5 The stages of cell division Figure 8.6 (Part 1) Figure 8.6 (Part 2) Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells Figure 8.7A The binding of growth factors to specific receptors on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for cell division. Control system G1 S G2 M G1 checkpoint Plasma membrane Growth factor Receptor protein Relay proteins Signal transduction pathway Figure 8.9B Cancer cells divide excessively to form masses of cells called tumors Malignant tumors can invade other tissues Tumor Glandular tissue A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue.

AP Biology Chapter 16 Notes Campbell/Reece

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Molecular biology
DNA Replication
Molecular genetics
DNA
Gene
Okazaki fragments
Chromatin
Transcription
RNA
Nucleotide excision repair
health

Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Essay questions will be on Feulgen, Griffith experiement, Hershey and Chase, Chargoff, Watson and Crick, Tatum Beadle Experiment Overview: Your genetic material is contained in: 1. 46 chromsomes from mom and dad 2. Mitochondrial DNA from mom Nucleic acids - Unique from all other molecules in that they can direct their own replication. 16.1 DNA is the genetic material A. The Search for Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry Initially, Genes were noted to be on chromosomes (b/c of work by Morgan an d Mendel) ? so people didn?t know if they were on the proteins or on the DNA. 1. Frederick Griffith (figure 16.2)? Showed evidence that DNA (not protein) can transform bacteria Background:

ps 2.4

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Biology
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Biology
Protein biosynthesis
Gene expression
Molecular biology
Genetics
Molecular genetics
Translation
Genetic code
Messenger RNA
Start codon
Gene
Nucleic acid sequence

Solutions to Practice Problems for Molecular Biology, Session 3: Transcription, Translation ? ? Question 1 ? ? Fill in the table: ? Transcription Translation Where does this process occur in a nucleus cytoplasm eukaryotic cell? What is the enzyme that carries out RNA polymerase Ribosome this process? What is the template that is read DNA RNA during this process? In what direction is the template 3? ? 5? 5? ? 3? read? What is the start signal/sequence for promoter Start codon this process? What is the polymer that is formed? RNA polypeptide What monomer is used to form this ribonucleotides Amino acids polymer? What type of bond is formed phosphodiester peptide between monomers? In what direction is the new polymer 5? ? 3? N ? C

Campbell AP Bio Chapter 17

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
biochemistry
Gene expression
RNA
Protein biosynthesis
Molecular biology
Molecular genetics
Translation
Messenger RNA
RNA polymerase
Genetic code
health

LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick From Gene to Protein Chapter 17 Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information ? The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides ? The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins ? Proteins are the links between genotype and phenotype ? Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via

Campbell Biology Chapter 15 Summary

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Molecular genetics
Classical genetics
Cellular processes
Cytogenetics
Genetic linkage
Chromosomal crossover
Y chromosome
Meiosis
Homologous chromosome
Dominance
health

Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Lecture Outline Overview: Locating Genes on Chromosomes Genes are located on chromosomes. Concept 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes Around 1900, cytologists and geneticists began to see parallels between the behavior of chromosomes and the behavior of Mendel?s factors. Using improved microscopy techniques, cytologists worked out the process of mitosis in 1875 and meiosis in the 1890s. Chromosomes and genes are both present in pairs in diploid cells. Homologous chromosomes separate and alleles segregate during meiosis. Fertilization restores the paired condition for both chromosomes and genes.

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