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Epigenetics

Pearson Ch 15 - The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

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Biology
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Genetics
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chromosomes
Y chromosome
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Allosome
X chromosome

Ch 15: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance and Gene Linkage Overview: Locating Genes on Chromosomes Mendel?s ?hereditary factors? were genes Today we can show that genes are located on chromosomes The location of a particular gene can be seen by tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent dye that highlights the gene The chromosome theory of inheritance states: Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can account for Mendel?s laws of segregation and independent assortment Concept 15.1: Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes Morgan?s Experimental Evidence

Chromatin folding

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Histone
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Solenoid

Chromatin: The formation of chromosomes Chromatin is packed into chromosomes during mitosis. We will look at the steps from interphase to metaphase There are several levels of organisation in terms of chromatin folding? Free DNA 2nm Formation of the nucleosome: The DNA strand wraps around a core of eight histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4: x2) 1.65 times. Also known as ?beads-on-a-string? and is the basic chromatin structure. 10nm An H1 histone tails binds on the outside of the coil on each nucleosome unit, now chromatosome units. Further condensing occurs: 30nm Interactions between: Interactions between chromatosomes (nucleosomes and H1 histones) leads to more folding of the 30nm fibres, creating a thicker fibre. 30nm

Types of chromatin

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Proteins
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Chromatin
Histone
Nucleosome
Euchromatin
Heterochromatin
DNA

Chromatin: Types of chromatin Chromatin In non-dividing cells, the DNA exists as chromatin and appears uncoiled and randomly dispersed After DNA replication (S phase) the chromatin begins to condense in preparation for mitosis Chromatin consists of 50% DNA, 50% proteins, mainly histones Chromatin is the structure that the eukaryotic genome is packaged into It allows long molecules of DNA to fit into the small volume of the nucleus The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome Further folding and compaction of chromatin produces visible metaphase chromosomes during cell division Heterochromatin vs Euchromatin Euchromation Active Chromatin The majority of chromatin is this form Less condensed, lightly packed in the nucleus (basic ?beads on a string? form ?check)

Chp 12 Bio

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Classical genetics
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Epigenetics
Genomic imprinting
Y chromosome
Chromosome
Genetic linkage
Meiosis
Gamete
health

Overview: Locating Genes Along Chromosomes ? Mendel?s ?hereditary factors? were genes, though this wasn?t known at the time. ? The location of a particular gene can be seen by tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent dye that highlights the gene. Concept 12.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes ? The chromosome theory of inheritance states: ? Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes ? Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment. ? The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis was said to account for Mendel?s laws of segregation and independent assortment. Morgan?s Experimental Evidence & Choice of Experimental Organism

AP Bio Campbell 7E Chapter 19 Test Bank

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Epigenetics
Gene expression
Molecular biology
Chromatin
Euchromatin
Histone
Nucleosome
DNA
Transcription factor
health
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Attachment theory
Ethology
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Ch 19 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. The condensed chromosomes observed in mitosis include all of the following structures except a. nucleosomes. b. 30-nm fibers. c. 300-nm fibers. d. looped domain. e. ribosomes. ____ 2. Under the electron microscope, unfolded chromatin resembles "beads on a string." What do the "beads" represent? a. nucleosomes b. ribosomes c. beadosomes d. molecules of DNA polymerase e. molecules of RNA polymerase ____ 3. In a nucleosome, what is the DNA wrapped around? a. polymerase molecules b. ribosomes c. mRNA d. histones e. nucleolus protein

Epigenetics

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Genetics
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Epigenetics
Epigenome
Genomic imprinting
Gene expression
Regulation of gene expression
Nutriepigenomics
Epigenomics
health
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Personal life
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
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ONLINE EPIGENETICS ? IS IT ONLY ABOUT THE DNA? Name Gabi Calhoun AP BIOLOGY Hour _______ Go to: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/ The following questions begin with the title of the section of the module you will be working with. Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper as you work through the module. THE EPIGENOME AT A GLANCE What is the epigenome? the second layer of dna with chemical tags How is this different from your genome? genome is the general structure but its done by the epigenome GENE CONTROL Describe the following characteristics when a gene is active: Is the gene tightly or loosely wound around histones? loosely Are there many or few methyl molecules attached to the gene? many

Gene Regulation powerpoint

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RNA
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RNA interference
Euchromatin
Regulation of gene expression
Polyadenylation
Chromatin
Messenger RNA
health
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Attachment theory
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Personal life
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Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression Correlations to AP Bio Course Curriculum See Unit 3 Essential Knowledge document for all EK statements for Chapter 18. Correlations to AP Bio Course Curriculum Learning Objective 3.18: The student is able to describe the connection between the regulation of gene expression and observed differences between different kinds of organisms. Learning Objective 3.19: The student is able to describe the connection between the regulation of gene expression and observed differences between individuals in a population. Correlations to AP Bio Course Curriculum Learning Objective 3.20: The student is able to explain how the regulation of gene expression is essential for the processes and structures that support efficient cell function.

15_Lecture_Presentation

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Y chromosome
Genetic linkage
Meiosis
Chromosome
Genomic imprinting
Dihybrid cross
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Personal life
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
Technology

Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Overview: Locating Genes Along Chromosomes Mendel?s ?hereditary factors? were genes, though this wasn?t known at the time Today we can show that genes are located on chromosomes The location of a particular gene can be seen by tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent dye that highlights the gene Copyright ? 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 15-1 Concept 15.1: Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes Mitosis and meiosis were first described in the late 1800s The chromosome theory of inheritance states: Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment

Bio_160_Lecture4

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RNA
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Molecular biology
Molecular genetics
Epigenetics
Messenger RNA
Transcription factor
Regulation of gene expression
Chromatin
Gene
health

Gene Expression Chapter 11 ? Differentiation yields a variety of cell types, each expressing a different combination of genes ? Different types of cells make different proteins because different combinations of genes are active in each type Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells Fiure 11.2 Differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential Most differentiated cells retain a complete set of genes Root of carrot plant Root cells cultured in nutrient medium Cell division in culture Plantlet Adult Plant Single cell Figure 11.3 DNA packing in eukaryotic chromosomes helps regulate gene expression ? A chromosome contains DNA wound around clusters of histone proteins ? This beaded fiber is further wound and folded

AP Bio Reading Guide Answers CH 15

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Cytogenetics
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Classical genetics
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Chromosome
Genetic linkage
Homologous chromosome
Chromosomal crossover
Genomic imprinting
X-inactivation
health

Copyright ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. -1- Name_______________________ Period___________ Chapter 15: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Concept 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes 1. What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? The chromosome theory of inheritance is a basic principle in biology stating that genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns. 2. Explain the law of segregation. Use two different colored pencils to illustrate the segregation of alleles. You may want to consult Figure 15.2 in your text, and model your sketches on this.

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