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Chemistry

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 2 Notes

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Chemistry
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ions
Chemistry
Charge carriers
atoms
Chemical properties
Chemical bond
Proton
Alkali metal
electron
Polyatomic ion
molecule
Oxidation state

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 2 Notes - Atoms, Molecules and Ions 2.1 The Early History Refer to the Chemistry History Timeline for this chapter 2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws A. Law of Conservation of Mass 1. "Mass is neither created nor destroyed" 2. Translation: In ordinary chemical reactions, the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products B. Law of Definite Proportion 1. "A given compound always contains the same proportions of elements by mass" 2. Translation: Compounds have an unchanging chemical formula C. Law of Multiple Proportions 1. "When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers

The History of the Atom - Notes

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Nuclear physics
Baryons
atoms
Charge carriers
Chemistry
Proton
electron
Rutherford model
ion
Neutron
Alpha particle
Valence electron

The History of the Atom Chapter 5 Major Discoveries 1806: John Dalton Atomic theory 1896 Henri Becquerel Radioactivity 1897: JJ Thomson Discovered the Electron 1909: Robert Millikan Confirmed existence of Electrons, their mass and their negative charge 1910: Ernst Rutherford Nucleus has the protons and neutrons, rest is mostly empty space 1913: Neils Bohr Planetary model of the atom Dalton?s Atomic Theory Elements are made up of discrete units called atoms Atoms of each element are identical. Atoms of different elements are different. Compounds are formed when atoms combine. Each compound has a specific number and kinds of atom. Chemical reactions are rearrangement of atoms. Atoms are not created or destroyed. Becquerel and Radioactivity Discovered by accident

Periodic Table - Notes

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Chemistry
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Periodic Table
Chemical properties
Stoichiometry
Chemistry
Nuclear physics
Chemical element
Relative atomic mass
Alkali metal
Atomic mass
Atomic number
Isotope
Extended periodic table

Notes ? Periodic Table Do you know all your elements? http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html Squares on the Periodic Table Each square contains Element Symbol Element Name Atomic Number = Protons Average Atomic Mass = Molar Mass Some contain the physical state at Room Temperature What is the atomic mass? The mass of one atom is VERY small therefore we use a relative scale called the AMU. One AMU is exactly 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Protons + Neutrons = AMU = Atomic Mass Unit What is the average atomic mass? In a sample of many atoms, various isotopes exist. The abundance of each isotope impacts the average mass of the sample. To find the average atomic mass, multiply the mass times the abundance of each isotope and add these together.

Nomenclature - Notes

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ions
Chemical elements
Chemical nomenclature
Physical chemistry
Polyatomic ion
Oxide
Nonmetal
Chlorine
Cobalt
Chemistry
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry

Chemical Nomenclature Review Chemical Formulas Identify a compound. Use subscripts to tell how many of each element. Subscript outside of ( ) distributes only to the elements inside of the ( ). Ions Are charged particles: protons ? electrons Types of Ions Cations (metals) positive charge after LOSING electron(s) Anions (nonmetals) negative charge after GAINING electron(s). Monotomic: formed from a single atom. Polyatomic: formed from more than one type of atom. Ions ATOM Chlorine Bromine Sulfur Oxygen Iodine ION Chloride Bromide Sulfide Oxide Iodide Types of Nomenclature Based on First Element!!! Type I: Metal / Non-metal Type II: Transition Metal / Non-metal Type III: Non-metal / Non-metal Example - Metal is from Groups 1, 2 or 13 Type 1

Mole conversions - Notes

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Chemistry
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Mass
Amount of substance
Chemical properties
SI base units
Units of mass
Mole
Atomic mass
Molar concentration
Molar mass
Chemistry
Gas constant
Kilogram

Chemical Quantities The MOLE CHAPTER 7 THE MOLE: A MEASUREMENT OF MATTER A mole (mol) is a unit of measurement Types of measurement include Counting/weighing/volume/ number of units Examples of other Quantitative measurement units Pair/Dozen/Ream Mole The term representative particles is a generic term that can refer to Atoms (single element), or Diatomic molecules (two of one type of element), or Formula units (what makes up an ionic compound) or Molecules (what makes up a molecular compound), or electrons or protons, or ions, etc Mole It is typically referred to as a mole of atoms or a mole of molecules A mole is also called Avogadro?s number For example: One mole would be 6.022 x 1023 representative particles Why use moles?

Matter - Notes

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Chemistry
Chemical substance
Mixture
Distillation
Homogeneous
Physical change
Chemical compound
Chemical reaction
Homogeneity and heterogeneity
Separation process
Boiling point
Properties of water

Notes ? Matter Describing Matter Definition - Anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter can be in three states (plasma is another state but exists at high energy that we will not deal with) Solid ? definite shape, definite volume, particles packed closely together Liquid ? indefinite shape, definite volume, particles can flow easily Gas/Vapor ? indefinite shape, indefinite volume, particles are spaced far apart Similar terms but not interchangeable Gases exist as gases at room temperature Vapors are in a gaseous state but generally exist as solids or liquids Characteristic/Physical Properties Physical Properties ? characteristics that are observed but never change for a substance Boiling point (condensation) - temperature at which a liquid turns to a vapor

Chemical Reactions - Notes

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Chemistry
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Chemical properties
Solutions
Chemical reactions
Chemical equation
equations
Stoichiometry
Salt metathesis reaction
Aqueous solution
Precipitation
Chemistry
Catalysis
solubility

REACTANTS ?PRODUCTS 1.? Starting substances (reactants) becomes new substances (products). 2. Bonds are broken and new bonds are formed, but atoms are not created or destroyed (just rearranged). Law of Conservation of Mass PRODUCTS REACTANTS SENTENCE EQUATION Iron reacts with oxygen to produce rust WORD EQUATION Iron + oxygen ? iron (III) oxide SKELETON EQUATION Fe + O2 ?Fe2O3 These DO NOT indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products. BALANCED EQUATION most correct equation includes the physical states of each substance uses coefficients 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)?2 Fe2O3(s) Learn chart of symbols on page 206 in text. Skeleton equation Word equation Sentence equation Balanced equation Skeleton equation Word equation Sentence equation

Raven Biology Chapter 2 Notes

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Biology
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Chemical bonding
Chemical bond
Hydrogen bond
Covalent bond
Chemistry
Properties of water
Chemical polarity
Chemical reaction
molecule
Ionic bonding
Energy level
Hydrogen

Gavin Morgan 8/31/2015 Chapter 2 2-Point Notes The Nature of Atoms Atomic structure includes a central nucleus and orbiting electrons: 1. Danish physicist Niels Bohr created the model of the atom in 1913, which is still used today. 2. An atom?s mass is measured in daltons (6.02 x 1023 daltons = 1 g). A proton and neutron each way 1 dalton. Electrons determine the chemical behavior of atoms: 1. The position of an electron cannot be determined at any given time. 2. Orbitals are predictions where electrons are most likely to be found. Atoms contain discrete energy levels: 1. Electrons contain discrete energy levels which correspond to quanta.

ap chem semester final

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Chemistry
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Quantum chemistry
Atomic physics
Molecular physics
Chemical bonding
Chemical properties
Valence electron
Ionization energy
Resonance
Chemistry
electron
ion
Chemical reaction

AP/IB Chem 1st Semester Exam Review Questions?????????????????? Multiple Choice: 1. When 12 grams of methane (CH4) is burned, the quantity of energy released is most nearly: Heat of combustion for CH4 is -891 KJ/mol. a)? 0.75 kJ?b)? 56 kJ?c)? 420 kJ?d)? 600 kJ?e)? 800 kJ 2.? The reaction of sodium bicarbonate with sulfuric acid is shown below.? 2 NaHCO3?? +?? H2SO4?? ??? Na2SO4?? +?? 2 H2O?? +?? 2 CO2???????? ?H? =? + 25 kJ/mol NaHCO3

Campbell9thEdChapter2ChemicalContextofLife

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Biology
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Chemical bonding
Chemical bond
Covalent bond
Valence electron
Valence
Ionic bonding
Chemistry
Lewis structure
Electronegativity
Atomic orbital
Hydrogen bond
ion

The Chemical Context of Life Chapter 2 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds Organisms are composed of matter Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Elements and Compounds Matter is made up of elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio A compound has characteristics different from those of its elements ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.3 Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride The Elements of Life About 20?25% of the 92 elements are essential to life, but it varies among organisms Humans need 25 elements while plants only need 17 elements

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