Genetics

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RNA

Nucleic acid sequence

Gene

DNA

Nucleic acid

DNA and Genes (Extended Notes) DNA: The Molecule of Heredity What is DNA? An organism?s environment influences how an organism develops, but the organism?s DNA holds the genetic information and determines its traits. DNA achieves this by controlling the structure of proteins. Your body is made up of proteins Your body?s functions depend on proteins called enzymes In the 1950s scientists thought protein was the genetic material In 1952 Hershey and Chase infected bacteria with radioactive viruses (one was radioactive protein & the other was radioactive DNA) Only the radioactive DNA entered the bacteria and produced new viruses DNA is a complex organic molecule called a polymer. The monomers, or repeating subunits, that make up DNA are called nucleotides.

Mendel and Meoisis

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Meiosis

Homologous chromosome

Monohybrid cross

Chromosome

Gamete

Mendel and Meiosis Meiosis Genes, Chromosomes, and Numbers Organisms have tens of thousands of genes that determine their traits These genes are lined up on chromosomes (one can contain 1,000+ genes) In body cells of most plants and animals, chromosomes occur in pairs (one from mom, one from dad) Diploid: a cell with two of each kind of chromosome (2n) Organisms have two factors, called alleles, for each trait Organisms produce gametes that contain one of each kind of chromosome Haploid: a cell containing one of each kind of chromosome (n) Homologous chromosomes: the two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell Each member of a pair has genes for the same traits, arranged in the same order, but not necessarily identical

linkage chi-square test

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Chi-squared distribution

chi-squared

Chromosomal crossover

1 LECTURE: Linkage & Chi-square test Linkage & Chi-squared Test Outline and Objective 2 ? Accounting for disruptions in expected Mendelian ratios ? Application of the Chi-square test ? Objective: At the end of this lesson you should be able to: 1. Define the term linked gene 2. Differentiate between results obtained from linked genes and non-linked genes in dihybrid crosses 3. Write a null hypothesis 4. Apply the chi-squared test to results observed from crosses LECTURE: Linkage & Chi-square test 3 Review ?We have been looking so far at inheritance of genes on different chromosomes. ? Since humans for example, have thousands of traits, each chromosome must carry a large number of genes.

Biology Lecture Questions the Brain

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Philosophy of biology

Alzheimer's disease

Human genome

Microcephaly

DNA

Medicine in the Genomic Era Lecture 1- Sizing up the Brain Gene by Gene Natasha Marfatia 1. The human genetic code is written in a(n) ______ containing ____ letters. It is over _____ letters long and encodes around ______ genes. 2. What is the cause of the drop in cost to sequence DNA? 3. Cerebral cortex makes up how much of the whole brain? 4. What is myelin? 5. Is it likely for someone under the age of 20 to develop Alzheimer?s or someone over the age of 60 to develop Alzheimer?s? 6. What is the name of the condition when the brain too small? 7. What is hemispherectomy? 8. Name a negative effect of Dante?s surgery. 9. Hemimegalencephaly includes an abnormality with the ________________. 10. Is there a connection between hemimegalencephaly and cancer?

Chapter 11- Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

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Philosophy of biology

Chapter 11: Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity RECESSIVE GENETIC DISORDERS -A recessive trait that is expressed when the individual is homozygous recessive for the trait CYSTIC FIBROSIS -Affects the mucus-producing glands, digestive enzymes, and sweat glands ALBINISM -Caused by altered genes, resulting in the absence of melanin in hair and eyes TAY-SACHS DISEASE -Gangliosides (fatty acids) accumulate in the brain, inflating brain nerve cells and causing mental deterioration GALACTOSEMIA -Recssive genetic disorder characterized by the inability of the body to digest galactose DOMINANT GENETIC DISORDERS -Huntington's Disease affects the nervous system -Achondroplasia is a genetic condition that causes small body size and limbs that are comparatively short

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapters 14-18 Study Guide

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RNA

Gene

DNA

Chapters 14 and 15 Gregor Mendel Studied traits that occur in distinct forms Developed true-breeding varieties When bred amongst themselves, by self-fertilization, these plants produced offspring identical to the parent for that trait No variation in that one trait Used mathematical analysis in his studies Findings related mainly to plants, not humans Definitions Gametes: reproductive cells produced by sexually-reproducing organisms Two types: Male gametes=sperm In plants: contained in pollen Female gametes=eggs In plants, contained in ovules, which mature to seeds when fertilized Ovules contained in carpels Fertilization Fertilization: fusion of egg and sperm Self-fertilized: fusion of sperm and egg from same plant

Chapter 10- Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Cont.

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Classical genetics

Philosophy of biology

Mendelian inheritance

Recessive

Hybrid

Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Cont. MENDELIAN GENETICS -The parent generation known as the P generation -The offspring of this P cross is calle dthe first filial (F1) generation -The second filial (F2) generation is the offspring of the F1 cross -Mendel studied seven different traits: -Seed or pea color -Flower color -Seed pod color -Seed shape or texture -Seed pod shape -Stem length -Flower position GENES IN PAIRS -Allele -An alternative form of a single gene passed form generation to generation -Dominant -Recessive DOMINANCE -An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is homozygous -An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait is heterozygous GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

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RNA

Gene expression

nucleic acids

DNA

Gene

Uracil

Adenine

Protein biosynthesis

Base pair

Thymine

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis DNA -The species-particular DNA sequences produce the species-particular proteins -Genes code for proteins -Genes are long strands of DNA of chromosomes WHAT IS DNA? -DNA is genetic code -Instructions for heredity -Components of genes -Director of protein synthesis -A type of nucleic acid -A type of organic compound -A polymer {a compound made of repeating subunits} DNA'S PROPER NAME IS -Deoxyribonucleic acid -Consists of a ribose sugar with a "missing oxygen" (thats the de-oxy part) -And it's found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell STRUCTURE OF DNA -A nucleotide of DNA is the base unit -A nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base DNA IS A DOUBLE STRAND -The nitrogen bases have compliment partners

Bio_SG_Final_Exam

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cell

Gene

organism

DNA

Photosynthesis

Enzyme

organelle

Biol 160 Study Guide ? Final Exam 1. Be able to describe what science and a scientific concept are. 2. Be able to define what is and isn?t biology. 3. Know the levels of organization of life that define the scope of biology. 4. What is an atom made of? What charge does each part have? 5. What determines the atomic number of an atom? 6. What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond? 7. What is the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules? 8. What is hydrogen bonding and why is it important? 9. What is the general form of a chemical reaction and what are the reactants vs products? 10. How are monomers and polymers related? Be able to describe and recognize a dehydration and hydrolysis reaction.

Bio_SG

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cell

Gene