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Genetics

Campbell AP Bio Study Guide Chapter 5

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules In Chapter 5, the principles of chemistry covered in earlier chapters are applied to the understanding of biological polymers and lipid membranes. The emphasis is on properly linking monomers and their polymers, and on the structural and functional diversity of the different polymer types. Particular attention is given to protein structure, because this is central to understanding subsequent chapters on metabolism, molecular biology, and molecular medicine. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Humans and mice differ because A) their cells have different small organic molecules. B) their cells make different types of large biological molecules.

Campbell AP Bio Study Guide Chapter 1

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life This introductory chapter explores the basic themes and concepts of biology, with emphasis on the core theme of evolution. It also introduces students to the thinking of scientists. Questions are therefore general; however, an effort has been made to include some from each skill level. As in the rest of this test bank, questions that feature art or those for which several questions follow upon some data or a scenario are placed together at the end of the chapter. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a A) biosystem. B) community. C) population. D) ecosystem. E) family. Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1

chapter 14 notes

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Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Overview: Drawing from the Deck of Genes What genetic principles account for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring? One possible explanation of heredity is a ?blending? hypothesis The idea that genetic material contributed by two parents mixes in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green An alternative to the blending model is the ?particulate? hypothesis of inheritance: the gene idea Parents pass on discrete heritable units, genes Gregor Mendel Documented a particulate mechanism of inheritance through his experiments with garden peas Figure 14.1 Concept 14.1: Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity

Reproduction and Development

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Asexual reproduction

Reproduction and Development The essential feature of reproduction is hereditary information carried by nucleic acid DNA There are some plants and animals that act as both male or female Asexual Reproduction Types of chromosomes must be exactly the same in the daughter cells as in the parent
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DNA Replication Worksheet

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DNA Replication

Okazaki fragments

Replication fork

Prokaryotic DNA replication

DNA Replication INDIVIDUAL: List the enzymes/proteins involved in DNA replication and describe their role. What is a nucleotide composed of? What makes up the backbone of DNA? What are the DNA bases? Tell which are purines and pyrimidenes. Which bases pair together? What holds them together? GROUP: Replication of DNA follows the __________________________________model. Explain this model, in addition to the other two which DNA replication does not follow. A DNA strand has the following bases: A A G C C A. What are the bases on its complimentary strand? During DNA replication, nucleotides are brought in as______________. Why is this? (Bubble the right answer)

campbell_ap_bio_practice_test_ch1

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Molecular biology

Phenotypic trait

Chapter?1 Introduction:?Themes?in?the?Study?of?Life Multiple-Choice?Questions 1) Which?of?the?following?properties?or?processes?do?we?associate?with?living?things? A) evolutionary?adaptations B) energy?processing C) responding?to?the?environments D) growth?and?reproduction E) all?of?the?above Answer: E Topic: Overview Skill: Knowledge/Application 2) Which?of?the?following?is?not?a?theme?that?unifies?biology? A) interaction?with?the?environment B) emergent?properties C) evolution D) reductionism E) structure?and?function Answer: D Topic: Concept?1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Application 3) Which?of?the?following?sequences?represents?the?hierarchy?of?biological?organization?from?the?least?to?the?most complex?level? A) organelle,?tissue,?biosphere,?ecosystem,?population,?organism

Genetics 2

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Classical genetics

Particulate inheritance

Blending inheritance

Mendel's Genetics ? Hybridized domesticated horses For thousands of years farmers and herders have been selectively breeding their plants and animals to produce more useful?hybrids?. ? It was somewhat of a hit or miss process since the actual mechanisms governing inheritance were unknown.? Knowledge of these genetic mechanisms finally came as a result of careful laboratory breeding experiments carried out over the last century and a half. ? ? Gregor Mendel???? 1822-1884???

Genetics 1

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Classical genetics

Philosophy of biology

Monohybrid cross

Mendelian inheritance

Mendelian Genetics All Materials ? Cmassengale? 1862 1868 1880 Genetic Terminology: Trait?- any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring Heredity?- passing of traits from parent to offspring Genetics?- study of heredity Alleles?- two forms of a gene (dominant & recessive) Dominant?- stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid; represented by a?capital letter (R) Recessive?- gene that shows up less often in a cross; represented by a?lowercase letter (r) Genotype?- gene combination for a trait (e.g. RR, Rr, rr) Phenotype?- the physical feature resulting from a genotype (e.g. tall, short) Homozygous?genotype - gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes (e.g. RR or rr); also called?pure?

Genetic Technology

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Molecular biology

Molecular cloning

Recombinant DNA

genetic engineering

Polymerase chain reaction

Restriction enzyme

Genetic Technology Applied Genetics Selective Breeding Selective breeding is the breeding of organisms to produce certain desired traits in their offspring In selective breeding, a genome is changed slowly and deliberately, over many generations. Selective breeding is one example of biotechnology. Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to make products, such as medicines and improved crops, or to benefit humans. Ancient peoples native to North and South America used selective breeding to develop corn and potatoes from wild plants. Today, farmers still use selective breeding to develop new crops. In order for a new breed with a desired trait to be established, only the offspring that inherit the desired trait are selected to reproduce.

Patterns of Heredity

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Classical genetics

Philosophy of biology

Mendelian inheritance

Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Mendelian Inheritance of Human Traits Pedigree: a graphic representation of genetic inheritance A pedigree uses symbols that identify males and females, family relationships, individuals affected by a trait being studied. Carrier: an individual who carries a recessive trait that is not expressed (heterozygous) Simple Recessive Heredity Most genetic disorders are caused by recessive alleles. Cystic Fibrosis Most common fatal genetic disorder in US among people of European descent (1/28 carry, 1/2500 affected) Cells in respiratory and digestive system produce huge quantities of mucus Catch infections easily and suffocate Usually die before reach 20?s Tay-Sachs Disease

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