Columbian exchange
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World History
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http://course-notes.org/World_History
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Ways of the World Notes Chapter 1
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Chapter 1: First Peoples ? Populating the Planet, to 10,000 B.C.E. hunting-gathering lifestyle: 95% of the time study of Paleolithic peoples: through their material remains achievements I. Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth: First Migrations Homo sapiens: 250,000 years ago, eastern and southern Africa culture: learned or invented ways of living began to inhabit new environments technological innovations 100,000?60,000 years ago: out of Africa A. Into Eurasia 1. Migrations: 45,000?20,000 years ago 2. New hunting tools into warmer regions altered hunting habits 3. Cave paintings animals, humans & hands, abstract designs in red, yellow, brown & black 4. Venus figurines with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips & stomachs
Ways of the World Notes Chapter 2
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Chapter 2: First Farmers ? The Revolutions of Agriculture, 10,000?3000 B.C.E. I. The Agricultural Revolution in World History began at around 12,000 years ago Agricultural Revolution: deliberate cultivation of particular plants as well as the taming and breeding of particular animals provided foundation for all that followed a new relationship between humankind, other organisms, and nature mutual dependence & ?intensification? II. Comparing Agricultural Beginnings A. Common Patterns 1. Separate, independent, and almost simultaneous between 12,000 and 4,000 years ago 2. Climate change coincided with the end of the last Ice Age and the migration of Homo sapiens across the planet various species hunted to extinction added pressure
World Civilizations Notes Chapter 1
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Chapter 1: From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers Hunting and gathering economies dominated human history until 9000 BCE helped propel migration over most of the lands on earth Human origin = 2.5 million years ago 1/4000 of earth?s existence; 5 minutes / 24-hour day Drawbacks: aggressive against their own kind dependent babies limited the adult women back problems due to the upright stature death fears tensions Achievements: grip reproduction omnivores facial expressions aids communication distinctive brain & speech culture Human Life Before Agriculture Human societies spread widely geographically Tool use gradually improved in the hunter-gatherer economy
Ways of the World Notes Chapter 3
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Chapter 3: First Civilizations ? Cities, States, and Unequal Societies, 3500?500 B.C.E. ?escape from civilization? constraints, artificiality, hierarchies, and other discontents greater oppression and inequality I. Something New: The Emergence of Civilizations independent global phenomenon A. Introducing the First Civilizations 1. Sumer, Egypt, & Nubia, 3500?3000 B.C.E. 2. Norte Chico, 3000?1800 B.C.E. Supe River Valley, along the central coast of Peru desert, little rainfall, dozens of rivers monumental architecture, large public ceremonial structures, stone residential buildings & other signs of urban life economy based on an extremely rich fishing industry quipu, may have been an alternative form of writing smaller cities with no defense walls
Cairo
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Islamic Cairo From being founded in 969 to today, standing near the walled off city in modern day Cairo, Islamic Cairo remains as a reminder of what it used to be. It?s also known as ?Medieval Cairo? or ?Fatimid Cairo?. Islamic Cairo holds many of the greatest and most famous Islamic Monuments such as the Mosque of Ibn Tulun to the al-Hussein Mosque. 1979 UNESCO states it as a World Cultural Heritage Site, as ?one of the world?s oldest Islamic cities, with its famous mosques, madrasas, hamas and fountains? and ?the new centre of the Islamic world, reaching its golden age in the 14th century.? Islamic Cairo didn?t start in 969, but dates further back.
Epic of Gilgamesh - Type Study Guide
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1. Background Information First appearance around 2000 BCE Original poem had 3000 lines, we only have 2000 Makes the job of translator more important, they have to interpret a lot. Mason made the story even more great by not just translating like the textbook Enkidu defeats Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven by himself- to increase Enkidu?s heroism and Gilgamesh?s guilt when he dies ?Was I really a friend to Enkidu?? important Loosely connected cycle of songs written in Sumerian in Mesopotamia Over the course of the Old Babylonian period (2000-1600 bce) poet(s) connected the poems to create and epic written in Akkadian, the dominant language of the region Around 1200 bce the epic was revised into its definitive form by a Babylonian priest named S?n-liqe-unninni
History of Ireland
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HISTORY OF IRELAND In the northern Atlantic Ocean lies an island covered by low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain. Until the Middle Ages, thick woodlands were vast across this island. The history of this land is put together piece by piece to create the country ?Ireland?. It was occupied by settlers and conquerors from different lands. From 800 to 1300, it was controlled by two groups: the Vikings and then Cambro-Normans.
Early Man And River Valleys
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Early Man and River Valleys Review Characteristics of a Civilizations Advanced cities with large populations Complex/organized institutions (religion & government) New tools/technology Specialized workers Writing development/record keeping Hominids Early human-like creatures Australopithecus Very first hominid Homo Erectus ?Upright human? ? more advanced, used varied tools, first hominid to leave Africa for Europe/Asia Neanderthal Early humans who relied on stone tools and were the first to bury their dead Homo sapien sapien The first anatomically modern humans (wise, wise human being) Replaced Neanderthals Paleolithic Age ?Old Stone Age? early period of human history who made the first stone tools Hunters/Gatherers Nomadic/Followed animals
Ways of the World Outline Chapter 17
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Chapter 17 Outline I. Opening Vignette A. Mahatma Gandhi criticized industrialization as economic exploitation. 1. few people have agreed with him 2. every kind of society has embraced at least the idea of industrialization since it started in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century B. The Industrial Revolution was one of the most significant elements of Europe?s modern transformation. 1. initial industrialization period was 1750?1900 2. drew on the Scientific Revolution 3. utterly transformed European society 4. pushed Europe into a position of global dominance 5. was more fundamental than any breakthrough since the Agricultural Revolution C. We don?t know where we are in the industrial era?at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end.
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