World History

Olmecs 1400-400 BCE Giant heads Chavin 900-200 BCE Andean culture Chaco 850-1250 CE Modern day New Mexico Large buildings Limited agriculture Limited water control Mochica 200-700 CE No written language Near the ocean Peru Agriculture Raised animals Llamas Advanced urban planning Corn, beans, potatoes, squash, peanuts Economy and Trade Traded with other Moche communities Jewelry, ceramics Religion Polytheistic Ceremonial centers Temples for the sun and moon Fell mysteriously Cahokia 900-1250 CE Largest chiefdom in America in its time Trading city Made clay, pottery, stone goods, leather, copper Located near the Missouri River Declined due to major flooding Maya Based in Central America The Yucatan peninsula From 300-900 CE Patriarchal society Several different languages

Greek Philosophers Philosophers: ?Lovers of wisdom? Sophists: ?Workers of wisdom? Teachers Thales of Miletus (636-546 BCE) Earliest known philosopher Studies Egyptian and Babylonian astronomy and mathematics Believed that the universe was controlled by fixed laws Basic element- water Pythagoras (582-500 BCE) The universe could only be understood through numbers Sun, moon and earth revolved around a central fire Pythagorean Theorem Protagoras (485-410 BCE) Most famous of the sophists Believed that reason and knowledge should be used to achieve a comfortable, safe and happy life Teachings to equip citizens for life in the polis Public speaking Politics Grammar Being respectable Plato names one of his dialogues after him Socrates (469-399 BCE) Encouraged students to think

Persian Empire Tolerance Embraced languages and cultures Considerate to diversity Authoritarian Centralized laws Taxes Infrastructure System of roads Postal service Inns for travelers Bureaucracy Expanded empire Integrated territories Zoroastrianism Moral choice Unable to conquer Greece Ended due to Alexander the Great Greece Indo-European nomads who settled in the Greek peninsula 1700 BCE An early kingdom developed around 1400 BCE, Mycenae Complex society arose between 800 and 600 BCE City-states Olympic games Hellenistic culture Sparta Strong militarily aristocracy Slave population Athens Diverse commercial state Slave use Artistic and intellectual Peloponnesian Wars Wars fought between Athens and Sparta with the spartans winning 431-404 BCE Taken over by the Macedonians 338 BCE

Zhou Dynasty: 1122 BCE-256 BCE Ended in warfare (Warring states period) Created the mandated rule (from heaven) that imperial China kept Cultural unity Banned human sacrifice Legalism was formed as a result of the Zhou fall Qin Dynasty: Qin Shi Huangdi took over 35 years after the last Zhou emperor Supported legalist ideas Took over feudal estates Powerful armies Extended south Built great wall Census Established coinage, measures and weights Uniformed written script Furthered agriculture Promoted silk manufacturing Burned books Attacked intellectuals High taxes Died by taking mercury pills to extend his life (210 BCE) Han Dynasty: 202 BCE-220 CE Retained centralization but encouraged intellectual structure Expanded territory Allowed contact with India and Parthian empire

For thousands of years humans lived in small communities without a home Societies had a few dozen people They traveled nomadically for food Humans can build tools which sets them apart from other animals Agriculture Humans began experimenting with agriculture 12,000 years ago Provided a more steady food source than hunting and gathering Agricultural societies experienced rapid population growth This also allowed for permanent settlements Cities The first cities appeared 6,000 years ago They dominated most affairs in their region River Valley Civilization Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley and China Large-scale societies Dependent on farming More food than people Fostered cities Civilizations arose from 3500 to 500 BCE Government systems were created as were social traditions