cellular respiration

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cellular respiration

biochemistry

ATP synthase

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

9.4: During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis. The electron transport chain and the electron flow down the chain is coupled to ATP synthesis. The electron transport chain is a collection of molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells. Most components of the chain are proteins. Tightly bound to these proteins are prosthetic groups, nonprotein components essential for the catalytic functions of certain enzymes. During the e- transport along the chain, e- carriers alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate e-. Each component of the chain becomes reduced when it accepts e- from its ?uphill? neighbor, which has

Biology Concept Map

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metabolism

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

redox

9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels. Redox reactions: oxidation and reduction. The stages of cellular respiration. In redox reactions the loss of e- from one substance is called oxidation. The gain to the other is known as reduction. The harvesting of energy from glucose by cellular respiration is a cumulative function of three metabolic stages: Catabolic pathways and production of ATP Organic compounds possess potential energy because of the arrangement of electrons in bonds between atoms. Compounds that participate in exergonic reactions can act as fuel. Enzymes help cells degrade complex organic molecules that are rich in potential energy. This breakdown can provide energy to

APES beginner vocabulary

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Environmental Science

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Chemistry

matter

Carbon

energy

Autotroph

Radioactive decay

Basic Scientific Concepts Organic vs. Inorganic: The primary difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds is that organic compounds always contain carbon while most inorganic compounds do not. Also, all organic compounds contain carbon, hydrogen or C-H bonds. Ex. of Organic Compounds: Nucleic Acids, Fats, Sugars, Proteins, Enzymes, Fuels, DNA, and Methane CH4 Ex. of Inorganic Compounds: Salts, Metals, Table Salt and Carbon Dioxide Gene: A unit of heredity; a segment of DNA nucleus of the cell that contains information for the synthesis of a specific protein. Ex: Enzymes Gene pool: Combined genetic information, such as alleles, of all the members of a particular population.

Biology Notes

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Oxygen

cell

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Unit I: The Concept of Life Biology : The Study of Life How is Life Defined? Key Idea: All living things carry out eight essential life functions. Collectively, the eight life functions are known as metabolism. Nutrition: the process in which food (organic molecules) is absorbed (ingestion) and used or broken down (digestion). Transport: the process in which material is moved from one place to another (circulated) within organisms. Active Transport: the type of transport that moves material from a low to high concentration while using energy.

Cellular Respiration Free response question and answer

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Crista

mitochondrion

Pyruvic acid

Breanna Takacs AP Biology A2 11/27/12 Cellular Respiration Free Response Questions The Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are both processes involved in obtaining ATP from pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis. Before the Krebs Cycle actually begins, pyruvate combines with coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA. One NADH and one CO2 are produced. Then the Krebs Cycle begins when citrate is formed by combining acetyl CoA with OAA. 3NADH, 1 FADH2 are made and CO2 is released. It is possible for the Krebs Cycle to be a cycle because the last product is OAA which reacts with acetyl CoA.

AP Biology Ch. 8-10 Vocabulary

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Integral membrane proteins

Plant physiology

Light-dependent reactions

Photosystem

metabolism

Photosynthetic reaction centre

AP Biology Chapters 8-10 Vocabulary Chapter 8: Activation energy: the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start Active site: the specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds ATP: an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells Catalyst: a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Coenzyme: an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions

AP BIO Photosynthesis Vocab

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Integral membrane proteins

Light-dependent reactions

Photosynthetic reaction centre

Stomates ? In plants, a mite opening bordered by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems; water passes out of a plant Mesophyll cells ? the photosynthetic parenchyma of a leaf, located within the epidermis Thylakoid Membranes ? in chloroplasts, a complex,organized internal membrane composed of flattened disks, which contain the photosystems involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Stroma ? In chloroplasts, the molecules from CO2.semi-liquid substance that surrounds the thylakoid system and that contains the enzymes needed to assemble organic

AP BIO Respiration Vocab

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cellular respiration

biochemistry

Chemistry

Glycolysis

Citric acid cycle

metabolism

Anaerobic respiration

#ap bio #respiration

Acetyl CoA ? the product of the transition reaction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl-CoA by NAD+ , also producing CO2, and NADH Aerobic ? Requiring free oxygen: any biological process that can occur in the presence of gaseous oxygen. Alcohol Fermentation ? The process by which yeast turns sugar into carbon dioxideCO2) and alcohol. Anaerobic ? Any process that can occur without oxygen, such as anaerobic fermentation or H2S photosynthesis. ATP Synthase ? An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP from the phosphorylation of ADP with inorganic phosphate, using a form of energy, such as the energy from a proton gradient.

Chapter 9 Notes

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Glucose

Lactic acid fermentation

Glycolysis

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Citric acid cycle

Crista

Mitochondrial matrix

Technology

Chapter 9 notes Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Concept 9.1 Metabolic pathways that release energy are called catabolic pathways - fermentation and cellular respiration _____________: partial degradation of sugars that occurs w/out the help of O2 ________: O2 is consumed as a reactant along w/ the sugar - more efficient Concept 9.1 Cellular respiration occurs in the _______________ Organic + O2 ? Carbon + H2O + Energy compounds dioxide C6H12O6 + 6O2 ? 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy 1 glucose = -686 kcals Concept 9.1 ATP is the central molecule responsible for energy used by the cell The cell uses enzymes to transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other compounds (making them _________________) ATP ? ADP + phosphate Concept 9.1

Cellular Respiration Notes

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Glucose

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cellular respiration

biochemistry

Chemistry

Glycolysis

Citric acid cycle