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Cellular processes

chapter 12 note

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Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis The Key Roles of Cell Division Cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair Unicellular organisms (ex. Amoeba) will divide to reproduce entire organisms Cell division also will allows a multicellular organism to develop from a single cell The Key Roles of Cell Division DNA is passed from one generation of cells to the next without dilution. -cell duplicates it DNA - moves the 2 copies to opposite ends of the cell - and then splits into 2 daughter cells The Key Roles of Cell Division Concept 12.1 Cell Division distributes identical sets of chromosomes to daughter cells A cell?s genetic material is called its genome - prokaryote = single long DNA strand - eukaryote = number of DNA molecules Concept 12.1

Mendel and Meoisis

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Classical genetics

Cellular processes

Genetic linkage

Homologous chromosome

Monohybrid cross

Mendel and Meiosis Meiosis Genes, Chromosomes, and Numbers Organisms have tens of thousands of genes that determine their traits These genes are lined up on chromosomes (one can contain 1,000+ genes) In body cells of most plants and animals, chromosomes occur in pairs (one from mom, one from dad) Diploid: a cell with two of each kind of chromosome (2n) Organisms have two factors, called alleles, for each trait Organisms produce gametes that contain one of each kind of chromosome Haploid: a cell containing one of each kind of chromosome (n) Homologous chromosomes: the two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell Each member of a pair has genes for the same traits, arranged in the same order, but not necessarily identical

Cell Cycle

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Cellular processes

Molecular genetics

Spindle apparatus

Cell Growth and Reproduction Cell Reproduction All cells come from preexisting cells. Cell division results in two cells that are identical to the parent cell. New cells are constantly being produced. Scientists noticed certain structures that appeared just before cell division and disappeared after. Chromosomes: structures which contain DNA and become darkly colored when stained For most of a cell?s life, chromosomes exist as chromatin Chromatin: long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones Histones are grouped in bunches called nucleosomes The Cell Cycle Cell cycle: the sequence of growth and division of a cell Two general periods of the cycle: growth and division The majority of a cell?s life is spent in the growth period known as interphase

Chapter 9-Cellular Reproduction

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Cellular processes

Developmental biology

Spindle checkpoint

Spindle apparatus

Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction CELLULAR GROWTH -As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area. -The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products. TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES -Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins. -Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient. -Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems. CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS -The need for signling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size. -Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions. THE CELL CYCLE -Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large -It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries

AP Biology Chapter 12 Summary Campbell/Reece

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Cellular processes

Spindle apparatus

Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division Rudolf Virchow ? said ?where a cell exists, there must have been a preexisting cell, just as the animal arises only from an animal and the plant only from a plant?. Summarized by saying: ?omnis cellula e cellula? ? means every cell comes from a cell. Cell division ? plays several important roles in the life of an organism: Unicellular organism ? i.e. amoeba ? cell divides and forms duplicate, complete organisms. Larger scale ? cell vision can produce progeny (descendents) Enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop form a single cell (zygote) Can function in renwal or repair ? replacing cells that die (i.e. bone marrow, skin)

Campbell Biology Test Bank Chapter 12

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Cellular processes

Cell cycle checkpoint

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle In this chapter, 24 questions are new, and 12 have been altered to incorporate new material from the textbook. As in the other chapters, any questions that depend on figures or introductory scenarios have been placed at the end of the chapter rather than in concept sequence. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The centromere is a region in which A) chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase. B) metaphase chromosomes become aligned at the metaphase plate. C) chromosomes are grouped during telophase. D) the nucleus is located prior to mitosis. E) new spindle microtubules form at either end. Answer: A Topic: Concept 12.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

Campbell Biology Chapter 15 Summary

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Molecular genetics

Classical genetics

Cellular processes

Genetic linkage

Chromosomal crossover

Homologous chromosome

Chapter 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Lecture Outline Overview: Locating Genes on Chromosomes Genes are located on chromosomes. Concept 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes Around 1900, cytologists and geneticists began to see parallels between the behavior of chromosomes and the behavior of Mendel?s factors. Using improved microscopy techniques, cytologists worked out the process of mitosis in 1875 and meiosis in the 1890s. Chromosomes and genes are both present in pairs in diploid cells. Homologous chromosomes separate and alleles segregate during meiosis. Fertilization restores the paired condition for both chromosomes and genes.

Campbell Biology Chapter 13 Summary

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Molecular genetics

Cellular processes

Homologous chromosome

Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Lecture Outline Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind. heredity or inheritance. The transmission of traits from one generation to the next is called offspring differ somewhat from parents and siblings, demonstrating variation. Farmers have bred plants and animals for desired traits for thousands of years, but the mechanisms of heredity and variation eluded biologists until the development of genetics in the 20th century. Genetics the scientific study of heredity and variation. Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes Genes are segments of DNA.

Campbell Biology Chapter 12 Summary

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Cellular processes

Spindle apparatus

Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle Lecture Outline Overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division The ability of organisms to reproduce their kind is the one characteristic that best distinguishes living things from nonliving matter. The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or cell division. Cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair. The division of a unicellular organism reproduces an entire organism, increasing the population. Cell division on a larger scale can produce progeny for some multicellular organisms. This includes organisms that can grow by cuttings. Cell division enables a multicellular organism to develop from a single fertilized egg or zygote.

Chapter 13 Meiosis Powerpoint

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Molecular genetics

Cellular processes

Homologous chromosome

Chapter 13 Meiosis One of the characteristics of life is that organisms reproduce their own kind Exceptions to this rule only show up as tabloid rumors Offspring generally resemble their parents in some form Heredity-transfer of traits from parent to offspring But there is variation We will look at how chromosomes pass from parent to offspring Parents give offspring coded information in units called genes It is our link to our parents The genetic program is written in the language of DNA-4 bases It is symbolic DNA programs the cell to translate the information Ex: when we read the word apple, we see the fruit Cells do the same thing except in the form of a code that might mean freckles, blue eyes, brown hair

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