Chromosome

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Chromosomal abnormalities

Cytogenetics

Chromosomes

Chromosomal translocation

Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders * Large-scale chromosomal alterations in humans and other mammals often lead to spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) or cause a variety of developmental disorders * Plants tolerate such genetic changes better than animals do Abnormal Chromosome Number * In nondisjunction, pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis * As a result, one gamete receives 2 of the same type of chromosome, and another gamete receives no copy * Aneuploidy results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred * Offspring with this condition have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome * A monosomic zygote has only 1 copy of a particular chromosome

Biology: Mitosis vs Meiosis

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Homologous chromosome

Meiosis v. Mitosis Ploidy Non disjunction Definitions Mitosis - the way normal body cells divide, reproduce, and grow...and meisosis extends it one step further. In meiosis the cell grows larger. THey both divide into 2 seperate cells but in meiosis, the steps continue - the resulting cells divide further into meiosis. WHen cells undergo meiosis, the result is the creation of gametes, sex-cells. It involves one replication of chromosones and 2 successive cell divisions. Mitosis - starts our all diploid and then it splits into Haploid. Non disjunction - chromosomes fail to separate correctly.

Meiosis Outline

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Cytogenetics

Classical genetics

Homologous chromosome

Sex

Gamete

Centromere

Gene

meiosis and sexual life cycle

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1/22/13 2:17 PM Chromosome and chromosome number Genes- the DNA on chromosomes is arranged in segments Chromosomes determine you genes which are passed on determining the color of your hair and eyes Homologous Chromosome Homologous Chromosome- One chromosome from each parent Have same length and same centromere position and carry genes which determine the inherited traits Haploid and diploid cells Gametes- sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes Haploid- A cell with n number of chromosomes in a gamete Fertilization- the process by which one haploid gamete combines with another haploid gamete Diploid- After fertilization the cell has 2n chromosomes Meiosis Meiosis- Type of cell division that reduces the amount of chromosomes

Bio Notes Genetics

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Philosophy of biology

Sex Linked genes -The X and Y chromosomes determine the sex of an individual and contain genes related to female and maleness. All other genes on these chromosomes are called sex linked genes -The X chromosome has the most genes but in some species (fruit fly), genes are found on the Y chromosome as well. genes on the Y chromosome are only passed from father to son -Sex linked gene inheritance (x linked) can be studied using fruit flies. The gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome. R-Red eyes are dominant to r white eyes. -Alleles carried on the X chromosome are shown as X^R, and X^r, Females have 2 alleles (X^R X^R, X^R X^r, or X^r X^r) while males only have one (X^R Y, or X^r Y) The male?s phenotype results from one X allele plll. Sex Linked Disorders In Humans

AP Biology Essay

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Cytogenetics

Classical genetics

Homologous chromosome

Mendelian inheritance

Genetics An organism is heterozygous at two genetic loci on different chromosomes. Explain how these alleles are transmitted by the process of mitosis to daughter cells. Explain how these alleles are distributed by the process of meiosis to gametes. Explain how the behavior of these two pairs of homologous chromosomes during meiosis provides the physical basis for Mendel?s two laws of inheritance. Labeled diagrams that are explained in your answer may be useful.

AP Biology Campbell 8th edition Chapter 12 Study Guide

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Mitosis

Gene

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The Cell Cycle

STUDY GUIDE: CH. 12 THE CELL CYCLE THE KEY ROLES OF CELL DIVISION 1. Explain how cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair. -Single-celled and other organisms reproduce asexually by cell division -Asexual spores, binary fissiion in bact., growth, breakage, and estab. Of vines -Growth may increase the sizes or numbers of cells -Wounding releases growth factors that stimulate mitosis 2. Describe the structural organization of the genome. -Organisms may have hundreds to tens of thousands of genes -Genes, controlling sequences, spacers, and junk are strung on chromosomes -Chromosome numbers -Bacteria may have one or a few circular or linear chromosomes -Eukaryotes may have one to >1000 linear chromosomes

Chapter 3C Outline

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Psychology

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Human behavior

Reproduction

Twin

Zoology

Gene

Quantitative human behavioural genetics

Evolution

Social Issues

Kelly Krawczyk Psych Outline Unit 3C ? Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior Behavior Genetics: Prediction Individual Differences Genes: Our Codes for Life 46 chromosomes: 23 from mother, 23 from father Genes can be active (expressed) or inactive Environment can ?turn on? genes Most traits are influenced by genes Twin and Adoption Studies Identical Versus Fraternal Twins Identical ? have same genes but not always same # Most identical share placenta but 1/3 have separate Shared genes can translate into shared experiences Separated Twins Separated twins are almost as similar as twins together Twin-study gave more appreciation to genetic influence Biological Versus Adoptive Relatives Genetic relatives, environmental relatives Adoptees are more similar to biological parents

Cell Division

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Cell

Fission

Prokaryote

Outline of cell biology

Eukaryote

Technology

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cell division

Cell Division Cell Division in Prokaryotes DNA is a circular chromosome attached to the inner surface of the plasma membrane like a rope attached to the inner wall of a tent Binary fission- Division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells DNA is copied, two identical chromosomes attach to the inside of the prokaryote?s inner cell membrane A new cell membrane begins to develop between the two DNA copies As new material is added, the growing cell membrane pushes inward and the cell is constricted in the center A new cell wall forms around the new membrane and the prokaryote is split into two Each cell contains one of the identical chromosomes that resulted from the copying of the original cell?s chromosomes Cell Division in Eukaryotes

Meiosis

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Developmental biology

Interphase

Gamete

Reproduction

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??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? Meiosis??I. Formation of Haploid Cells???? A. In animals, meiosis produces gametes, haploid reproductive cells???? ??? 1. In humans, sperm + egg cells???? ??? 2. Each contain 23 (1n) chromosomes???? ??? 3. Fusion results in a zygote that contains 46 (2n) chromosomes???? B. Undergo the G1, S, and G2 phases of interphase.???? C. Begin meiosis with a duplicate set of chromosomes, but undergo meiosis twice???? ??? 1. Diploid (2n) cells result in four haploid (1n) cells???? D. Meiosis I- Stages of the first cell division???? E. Meiosis II- Stages of the second cell division?II. Meiosis I???? A. Prophase I???? ??? 1. DNA coils into chromosomes, spindle fibers appear (like mitosis)???? ??? 2. Nucleolus & nuclear membrane disassemble (like mitosis)???? ??? 3.

Campbell bio lecture

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Heredity

Gene

Sex

Reproduction

Transmission

Mendelian inheritance

Evolution