Mendelian inheritance

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Homologous chromosome

Genetic recombination

Sex linkage

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Locating Genes Along Chromosomes ( 15.1) * Mendel?s ?hereditary factors? were purely abstract when first proposed * Today, we can show that the factors?genes?are located on chromosomes * The location of a particular gene can be seen by tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent dye that highlights the gene * Cytologists worked out the process of mitosis in 1875 and meiosis in the 1890s using improved techniques of microscopy * Biologists began to see parallels between the behavior of Mendel?s proposed hereditary factors and chromosomes * Around 1902, Sutton and Boveri and others independently noted these parallels and began to develop the chromosome theory of inheritance 15.2

AP Bio_pedigree_analysis_and_genetic_diseases

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RTT

Pedigree Analysis * A pedigree is a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations * Inheritance patterns of particular traits can be traced and described using pedigrees * Pedigrees can also be used to make predictions about future offspring * We can use the multiplication and addition rules to predict the probability of specific phenotypes Recessively Inherited Disorders * Many genetic disorders are inherited in a recessive manner * These range from relatively mild to life-threatening The Behavior of Recessive Alleles * Recessively inherited disorders show up only in individuals homozygous for the allele * Carriers are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal

AP Bio_genetic_probabilities_and_mendels_laws

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Classical genetics

Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance * Mendel?s laws of segregation and independent assortment reflect the rules of probability * When tossing a coin, the outcome of one toss has no impact on the outcome of the next toss * In the same way, the alleles of one gene segregate into gametes independently of another gene?s alleles The Multiplication and Addition Rules Applied to Monohybrid Crosses Figure 14.9 * The multiplication rule states that the probability that 2 or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities * Probability in an F1 monohybrid cross can be determined using the multiplication rule

AP Biomenedels_gene

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Classical genetics

Monohybrid cross

Allele

Mendel and the Gene Idea Drawing from the Deck of Genes * What principles account for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring? * The ?blending? hypothesis is the idea that genetic material from the two parents blends together (like blue and yellow paint blend to make green) * The ?particulate? hypothesis is the idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes) * Mendel documented a particulate mechanism through his experiments with garden peas Concept 14.1: Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance * Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments Mendel?s Experimental, Quantitative Approach

Living Environment - Genetics Review

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Gene

Introduction to genetics

Mutation

DNA

Homologous chromosome

The Living Environment The study of organisms and their interactions with the environment. Topics Unit 1: Ecology Unit 2: The Cell Unit 3: Genetics Unit 4: History of Biological Diversity Unit 5: The Human Body GENETICS The science of heredity and the study of how traits are passed on from generation to generation. Mendelian Genetics: How Genetics Began Commonly referred to as the ?father of modern genetics? Gregor Mendel, born in 1822 in what is now the Czech Republic, published the first known findings of heredity in 1866. His primary findings were based on the study of pea plants during his 14 year tenure as an Austrian monk in charge of the monastery garden. Mendelian Genetics

AP Biology Essay

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Cytogenetics

Classical genetics

Homologous chromosome

Meiosis

Health

Genetics An organism is heterozygous at two genetic loci on different chromosomes. Explain how these alleles are transmitted by the process of mitosis to daughter cells. Explain how these alleles are distributed by the process of meiosis to gametes. Explain how the behavior of these two pairs of homologous chromosomes during meiosis provides the physical basis for Mendel?s two laws of inheritance. Labeled diagrams that are explained in your answer may be useful.

Campbell bio lecture

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Heredity

Chromosome

Meiosis

Gene

Sex

Reproduction

Transmission

Evolution

Health

Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next Variation shows that offspring differ in appearance from parents and siblings Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes In a literal sense, children do not inherit particular physical traits from their parents It is genes that are actually inherited Inheritance of Genes Genes are the units of heredity Genes are segments of DNA Each gene has a specific locus on a certain chromosome One set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent

Eugenics - Traits Studied

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Philosophy of biology

Charles Davenport

Eugenics

Human genetics