Meiosis

Developmental biology

Classical genetics

Alternation of generations

Gamete

Solubility Rules 1. All common salts of the Group 1 elements and ammonium ion are soluble. 2. All common acetates and nitrates are soluble. 3. All binary compounds of Group 17 elements (other than F) with metals are soluble except those of silver, mercury(I), and lead. 4. All sulfates are soluble except those of barium, strontium, lead, calcium, silver and mercury(I). 5. Except for those in Rule 1, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, and phosphates are insoluble. 6. Oxides and peroxides are always written in molecular form. 7. Gases are always written in molecular form. 8. The only strong bases are the hydroxides of Group I & II metals except beryllium. 9. The only strong binary acids are those of chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

AP Bio_genetic_variation

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Sex

Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution * Mutations (changes in an organism?s DNA) are the original source of genetic diversity * Mutations create different versions of genes called alleles * Reshuffling of alleles during sexual reproduction produces genetic variation Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring * The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization is responsible for most of the variation that arises in each generation * Three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation: ? Independent assortment of chromosomes ? Crossing over ? Random fertilization Independent Assortment of Chromosomes * Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase I of meiosis

AP Bio_Meiosis

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Mitosis

Cohesin

Cell division

Concept 13.3: Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid * Like mitosis, meiosis is preceded by the replication of chromosomes * Meiosis takes place in two consecutive cell divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II * The two cell divisions result in four daughter cells, rather than the two daughter cells in mitosis * Each daughter cell has only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell The Stages of Meiosis * Chromosomes duplicate before meiosis * The resulting sister chromatids are closely associated along their lengths * This is called sister chromatid cohesion * The chromatids are sorted into four haploid daughter cells * Division in meiosis I occurs in four phases: Prophase I

AP Bio_Cell division

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Developmental biology

Alternation of generations

Gamete

Sex

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Variations on a Theme * Offspring resemble their parents more than they do unrelated individuals * Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next * Variation is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings * Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes * In a literal sense, children do not inherit particular physical traits from their parents * It is genes that are actually inherited Inheritance of Genes * Genes are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA * Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs)

Ch 13 Study Guide

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Chromatid

Cell division

Copyright ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. -1- Name__________________________Period___________ Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let?s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene: A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses) locus: A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located gamete: A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. male gamete: Sperm female gamete: Eggs

Ch 12 Study Guide

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Mitosis

Copyright ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Overview: 1. What are the three key roles of cell division? State each role, and give an example. Key Role Example Reproduction An amoeba, a single-celled eukaryote, divides into two cells. Each new cell will be an individual organism. Growth and development A sand dollar embryo forms two cells shortly after the fertilized egg is divided. Tissue removal Dividing bone marrow cells will give rise to new blood cells. 2. What is meant by the cell cycle? The cell cycle is the life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells.

Biology: Mitosis vs Meiosis

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Chromosome

Meiosis v. Mitosis Ploidy Non disjunction Definitions Mitosis - the way normal body cells divide, reproduce, and grow...and meisosis extends it one step further. In meiosis the cell grows larger. THey both divide into 2 seperate cells but in meiosis, the steps continue - the resulting cells divide further into meiosis. WHen cells undergo meiosis, the result is the creation of gametes, sex-cells. It involves one replication of chromosones and 2 successive cell divisions. Mitosis - starts our all diploid and then it splits into Haploid. Non disjunction - chromosomes fail to separate correctly.

chromosomes and human heredity

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Technology

2/21/13 2:31 PM Scientists don?t just study genes, they also study whole chromosomes by using images of chromosomes stained during metaphase Karyotype- pairs of homologous chromosomes arranged in decreasing size to produce a micrograph Telomeres Telomeres- chromosome s end in protective caps, these caps consist of DNA associated with protiens The telomere also might be involved with aging and caner Nondisjunction Cell division during which sister chromatids fail to separate properly, this can take place during meiosis I or meiosis II One form two kinds of gametes result One has an extra one and one is missing one Organisms with an extra chromosome can survive but those lacking one usually do not Monosomy- lacking a chromosome in humans don?t usually survive

Meiosis Outline

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Genetics

Cytogenetics

Classical genetics

Chromosome

meiosis and sexual life cycle

Sex

Gamete

Centromere

Gene

Health

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1/22/13 2:17 PM Chromosome and chromosome number Genes- the DNA on chromosomes is arranged in segments Chromosomes determine you genes which are passed on determining the color of your hair and eyes Homologous Chromosome Homologous Chromosome- One chromosome from each parent Have same length and same centromere position and carry genes which determine the inherited traits Haploid and diploid cells Gametes- sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes Haploid- A cell with n number of chromosomes in a gamete Fertilization- the process by which one haploid gamete combines with another haploid gamete Diploid- After fertilization the cell has 2n chromosomes Meiosis Meiosis- Type of cell division that reduces the amount of chromosomes

AP Biology Essay

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Genetics

Cytogenetics

Classical genetics