Ploidy

Developmental biology

Classical genetics

Alternation of generations

Solubility Rules 1. All common salts of the Group 1 elements and ammonium ion are soluble. 2. All common acetates and nitrates are soluble. 3. All binary compounds of Group 17 elements (other than F) with metals are soluble except those of silver, mercury(I), and lead. 4. All sulfates are soluble except those of barium, strontium, lead, calcium, silver and mercury(I). 5. Except for those in Rule 1, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, and phosphates are insoluble. 6. Oxides and peroxides are always written in molecular form. 7. Gases are always written in molecular form. 8. The only strong bases are the hydroxides of Group I & II metals except beryllium. 9. The only strong binary acids are those of chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

AP Bio_chromosomal_structure_and_dieases

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Genetics

Chromosomal abnormalities

Cytogenetics

Chromosomes

Chromosomal translocation

Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders * Large-scale chromosomal alterations in humans and other mammals often lead to spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) or cause a variety of developmental disorders * Plants tolerate such genetic changes better than animals do Abnormal Chromosome Number * In nondisjunction, pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis * As a result, one gamete receives 2 of the same type of chromosome, and another gamete receives no copy * Aneuploidy results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred * Offspring with this condition have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome * A monosomic zygote has only 1 copy of a particular chromosome

AP Bio_genetic_variation

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Homologous chromosome

Sex

Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution * Mutations (changes in an organism?s DNA) are the original source of genetic diversity * Mutations create different versions of genes called alleles * Reshuffling of alleles during sexual reproduction produces genetic variation Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring * The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization is responsible for most of the variation that arises in each generation * Three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation: ? Independent assortment of chromosomes ? Crossing over ? Random fertilization Independent Assortment of Chromosomes * Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase I of meiosis

AP Bio_Cell division

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Developmental biology

Alternation of generations

Sex

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Variations on a Theme * Offspring resemble their parents more than they do unrelated individuals * Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next * Variation is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings * Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes * In a literal sense, children do not inherit particular physical traits from their parents * It is genes that are actually inherited Inheritance of Genes * Genes are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA * Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs)

Biology: Mitosis vs Meiosis

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Homologous chromosome

Chromosome

Meiosis v. Mitosis Ploidy Non disjunction Definitions Mitosis - the way normal body cells divide, reproduce, and grow...and meisosis extends it one step further. In meiosis the cell grows larger. THey both divide into 2 seperate cells but in meiosis, the steps continue - the resulting cells divide further into meiosis. WHen cells undergo meiosis, the result is the creation of gametes, sex-cells. It involves one replication of chromosones and 2 successive cell divisions. Mitosis - starts our all diploid and then it splits into Haploid. Non disjunction - chromosomes fail to separate correctly.

Meiosis Outline

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Genetics

Cytogenetics

Classical genetics

Homologous chromosome

Chromosome

Sex

meiosis and sexual life cycle

Centromere

Gene

Health

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1/22/13 2:17 PM Chromosome and chromosome number Genes- the DNA on chromosomes is arranged in segments Chromosomes determine you genes which are passed on determining the color of your hair and eyes Homologous Chromosome Homologous Chromosome- One chromosome from each parent Have same length and same centromere position and carry genes which determine the inherited traits Haploid and diploid cells Gametes- sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes Haploid- A cell with n number of chromosomes in a gamete Fertilization- the process by which one haploid gamete combines with another haploid gamete Diploid- After fertilization the cell has 2n chromosomes Meiosis Meiosis- Type of cell division that reduces the amount of chromosomes

Meiosis

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Developmental biology

Interphase

Chromosome

Reproduction

Health

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