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Biology

AP Biomenedels_gene

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Mendel and the Gene Idea Drawing from the Deck of Genes * What principles account for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring? * The ?blending? hypothesis is the idea that genetic material from the two parents blends together (like blue and yellow paint blend to make green) * The ?particulate? hypothesis is the idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes) * Mendel documented a particulate mechanism through his experiments with garden peas Concept 14.1: Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance * Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments Mendel?s Experimental, Quantitative Approach

AP Bio_genetic_variation

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Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution * Mutations (changes in an organism?s DNA) are the original source of genetic diversity * Mutations create different versions of genes called alleles * Reshuffling of alleles during sexual reproduction produces genetic variation Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring * The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization is responsible for most of the variation that arises in each generation * Three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation: ? Independent assortment of chromosomes ? Crossing over ? Random fertilization Independent Assortment of Chromosomes * Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase I of meiosis

AP Bio_Meiosis

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Concept 13.3: Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid * Like mitosis, meiosis is preceded by the replication of chromosomes * Meiosis takes place in two consecutive cell divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II * The two cell divisions result in four daughter cells, rather than the two daughter cells in mitosis * Each daughter cell has only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell The Stages of Meiosis * Chromosomes duplicate before meiosis * The resulting sister chromatids are closely associated along their lengths * This is called sister chromatid cohesion * The chromatids are sorted into four haploid daughter cells * Division in meiosis I occurs in four phases: Prophase I

AP Bio_Cell division

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Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Variations on a Theme * Offspring resemble their parents more than they do unrelated individuals * Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next * Variation is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings * Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes * In a literal sense, children do not inherit particular physical traits from their parents * It is genes that are actually inherited Inheritance of Genes * Genes are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA * Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs)

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

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Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology 1 Anatomy & Physiology Overview 2 The Human Body Each individual is unique, but the basic structure and function of the human body does not vary much from one person to the next. 3 3 Anatomy Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts as well as their relationship to one another. For example, to describe the anatomy of the stomach, you might discuss its size, shape, color and location. 4 The word ?anatomy? is from the Greek ?tomy? which means to cut and ?ana? which means apart. Gross anatomy is the study of dissected animals or organs. Microscopic anatomy refers to the study of structures too small to be seen without a microscope or other magnifying instrument. 4 Physiology

Integumentary System

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The Integumentary System The Skin and Body Membranes 2 Body Membranes Anatomy of the Integumentary System Physiology of the Integumentary System Diseases and Conditions Developmental Aspects This presentation focuses on the Integumentary System or Skin and its derivatives. The skin is one type of epithelial membrane. 2 Body Membranes 3 3 Body Membranes Two major groups: Epithelial Membranes Connective Tissue Membranes 4 Image is of ciliated columnar epithelium 4 Epithelial Membranes 5 Cutaneous Membrane Mucous Membranes Serous Membranes All function in covering and lining Always combined with underlying layer of connective tissue This presentation focuses on the cutaneous membrane or skin

Metabolic rate in selected invertebrates.

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Practical 2: Metabolic rate in selected invertebrates. Ayman Shaik Abstract In this experiment was designed to determine the metabolic rate of three small invertebrates in relation to the animal?s body mass. The hypotheses for this experiment would be that the animal with the highest Oxygen consumption, would have the highest metabolic rate. The above hypothesis is accepted. The cockroach of the mass 1,07g, has an Oxygen consumption of 4,8ml and the highest metabolic rate of Introduction

The effect of UV light on bacteriophage

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Introduction: A bacteriophage is a virus which infects bacteria and have been of particular interest to scientists as vectors of horizontal gene transfer as well as the drivers of bacterial evolution, including as sources of diagnostic and genetic tools and novel therapeutic agents (Clokie et al., 2011). Just as with all viruses, bacteriophages are highly specific with regards to it?s host bacterium or it may only infect one species of bacteria (Kasman and Whitten, 2018).

prokaryotic cell biofact sheet

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The Prokaryotic Cell B io F actsheet September 2000 Number 73 1 The contents of this Factsheet cover the relevant AS syllabus content of the major examining boards. By studying this Factsheet the candidate will gain a knowledge and understanding of the structure of a prokaryotic cell, the range of prokaryotic organisms and the importances of prokaryotic organisms. Introduction Bacteria (eg Escherichia coli) and Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) (eg Nostoc) are single-celled and characteristically possess no nucleus. They are prokaryotic organisms. Remember ? the Cyanophyta or blue-green algae are now classed as Cyanobacteria because they are prokaryotic. Algae are all eukaryotic since they possess nucleated cells and cell organelles. In some older

lipid biofact sheet

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B io F actsheet April 1999 Number 42 1 The Structure and Function of Lipids All lipids are polymers ? long chains of repeating units joined together in a condensation reaction during which water is released. The commonest lipids are triglycerides ? three fatty acids and glycerol linked by an ester bond (Fig 1). This Factsheet summarises the structure and function of lipids. Lipids are organic compounds found in every type of plant and animal cell. They always contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but the reletive amount of oxygen is less than in carbohydrates. cells in plant roots forces water into the symplast pathway which is under the control of the nucleus. This strip therefore gives the plant control over substances entering the xylem. 7. Buoyancy

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