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Gene

DNA and Genes

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DNA and Genes (Extended Notes) DNA: The Molecule of Heredity What is DNA? An organism?s environment influences how an organism develops, but the organism?s DNA holds the genetic information and determines its traits. DNA achieves this by controlling the structure of proteins. Your body is made up of proteins Your body?s functions depend on proteins called enzymes In the 1950s scientists thought protein was the genetic material In 1952 Hershey and Chase infected bacteria with radioactive viruses (one was radioactive protein & the other was radioactive DNA) Only the radioactive DNA entered the bacteria and produced new viruses DNA is a complex organic molecule called a polymer. The monomers, or repeating subunits, that make up DNA are called nucleotides.

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapters 14-18 Study Guide

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RNA polymerase
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Chapters 14 and 15 Gregor Mendel Studied traits that occur in distinct forms Developed true-breeding varieties When bred amongst themselves, by self-fertilization, these plants produced offspring identical to the parent for that trait No variation in that one trait Used mathematical analysis in his studies Findings related mainly to plants, not humans Definitions Gametes: reproductive cells produced by sexually-reproducing organisms Two types: Male gametes=sperm In plants: contained in pollen Female gametes=eggs In plants, contained in ovules, which mature to seeds when fertilized Ovules contained in carpels Fertilization Fertilization: fusion of egg and sperm Self-fertilized: fusion of sperm and egg from same plant

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

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Uracil
Adenine
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Thymine
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DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis DNA -The species-particular DNA sequences produce the species-particular proteins -Genes code for proteins -Genes are long strands of DNA of chromosomes WHAT IS DNA? -DNA is genetic code -Instructions for heredity -Components of genes -Director of protein synthesis -A type of nucleic acid -A type of organic compound -A polymer {a compound made of repeating subunits} DNA'S PROPER NAME IS -Deoxyribonucleic acid -Consists of a ribose sugar with a "missing oxygen" (thats the de-oxy part) -And it's found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell STRUCTURE OF DNA -A nucleotide of DNA is the base unit -A nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base DNA IS A DOUBLE STRAND -The nitrogen bases have compliment partners

Bio_SG_Final_Exam

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Biol 160 Study Guide ? Final Exam 1. Be able to describe what science and a scientific concept are. 2. Be able to define what is and isn?t biology. 3. Know the levels of organization of life that define the scope of biology. 4. What is an atom made of? What charge does each part have? 5. What determines the atomic number of an atom? 6. What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond? 7. What is the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules? 8. What is hydrogen bonding and why is it important? 9. What is the general form of a chemical reaction and what are the reactants vs products? 10. How are monomers and polymers related? Be able to describe and recognize a dehydration and hydrolysis reaction.

Bio_SG

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Biology 160 Study Guide #5 1. Be able to write the basic reaction that describes cellular respiration 2. What are the three main stages of cellular respiration? Be able to say what goes in and what comes out of each of these stages. 3. What is chemiosmosis (be able to describe the process)? 4. What is the form of energy actually used by your body? 5. What happens if you don?t have oxygen? 6. What is fermentation? 7. Be able to describe how the three main forms of nutrition are used for energy or made by the reverse of these cycles. 8. What is the basic mechanism responsible for global warming? 9. What are the central themes in the theory of natural selection? 10. How has the fossil record been preserved?

Bio_160_Lecture4

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Gene Expression Chapter 11 ? Differentiation yields a variety of cell types, each expressing a different combination of genes ? Different types of cells make different proteins because different combinations of genes are active in each type Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells Fiure 11.2 Differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential Most differentiated cells retain a complete set of genes Root of carrot plant Root cells cultured in nutrient medium Cell division in culture Plantlet Adult Plant Single cell Figure 11.3 DNA packing in eukaryotic chromosomes helps regulate gene expression ? A chromosome contains DNA wound around clusters of histone proteins ? This beaded fiber is further wound and folded

Bio_160_Lecture6

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How Populations Evolve Historical Theories ? Anaximander (~2500 yrs ago) ? Aristotle ? Georges Buffon (1700?s) ? Jean Baptist Lemark (late 1700?s - early1800?s) ? Erasmus Darwin Charles Darwin 18591874 Voyage of the HMS Beagle On the Origin of Species? ? Descent With Modification ? By means of Natural Selection Support for Descent with Modification ? Biogeography ? Fossil Record ? Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Cell Biology ? Comparative Anatomy ?Biogeography ? Biogeography, the geographic distribution of species ? Darwin noted that Gal?pagos animals resembled species of the South American mainland more than animals on similar but distant islands The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution

Bio_160_Lecture3

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Inheritance and DNA Cellular Basis of Reproduction & Inheritance ? Chapter 8 The cell cycle multiplies cells and consists of two major phases Figure 8.5 ? The stages of cell division Figure 8.6 (Part 1) Figure 8.6 (Part 2) Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells Figure 8.7A The binding of growth factors to specific receptors on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for cell division. Control systemG1 S G2M G1 checkpoint Plasma membrane Growth factor Receptor protein Relay proteins Signal transduction pathway Figure 8.9B ? Cancer cells divide excessively to form masses of cells called tumors ?Malignant tumors can invade other tissues Tumor Glandular tissue A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells invade

Ch03_Bio PPT

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Inheritance and DNA Cellular Basis of Reproduction & Inheritance Chapter 8 The cell cycle multiplies cells and consists of two major phases Figure 8.5 The stages of cell division Figure 8.6 (Part 1) Figure 8.6 (Part 2) Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells Figure 8.7A The binding of growth factors to specific receptors on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for cell division. Control system G1 S G2 M G1 checkpoint Plasma membrane Growth factor Receptor protein Relay proteins Signal transduction pathway Figure 8.9B Cancer cells divide excessively to form masses of cells called tumors Malignant tumors can invade other tissues Tumor Glandular tissue A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue.

AP Biology Chapter 16 Notes Campbell/Reece

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Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Essay questions will be on Feulgen, Griffith experiement, Hershey and Chase, Chargoff, Watson and Crick, Tatum Beadle Experiment Overview: Your genetic material is contained in: 1. 46 chromsomes from mom and dad 2. Mitochondrial DNA from mom Nucleic acids - Unique from all other molecules in that they can direct their own replication. 16.1 DNA is the genetic material A. The Search for Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry Initially, Genes were noted to be on chromosomes (b/c of work by Morgan an d Mendel) ? so people didn?t know if they were on the proteins or on the DNA. 1. Frederick Griffith (figure 16.2)? Showed evidence that DNA (not protein) can transform bacteria Background:

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