Population genetics

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Heterozygote advantage

evolution

Genotype frequency

Polymorphism

Ch 23: The Evolution of Populations Overview Microevolution is a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations Concept 23.1: Genetic variation makes evolution possible Genetic Variation Genetic variation among individuals is caused by differences in genes or other DNA segments Phenotype is the product of inherited genotype and environmental influences Natural selection can only act on variation with a genetic component Formation of New Alleles New genes and alleles can arise by mutation or gene duplication A mutation is a heritable change in nucleotide sequence of DNA Only mutations in cells that produce gametes can be passed to offspring A point mutation is a change in one base in a gene The effects of point mutations can vary:

The Hardy-Weinberg principle

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Population genetics

health

The Hardy-Weinberg principle The Hardy-Weinberg principle: the frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population?s gene pool will remain constant from one generation to the next. Provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work Describes a population that is not evolving The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes a hypothetical population Changes to allelic frequency and genotype always occur in real populations The equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p2 and q2 represent the frequencies of the homozygous genotypes 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle Population size = extremely large No gene flow can occur (no immigration or emigration of individuals) No mutations No natural selection

Intro to Evolution and Evolutionary Genetics: Overview

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Evolutionary biology

Cell Cycle cancer is the cell cycle going out of control most animal species are diploid cell division is a part of the cell cycle DNA is just the one molecule when you see chromosomes in a condensed state, DNA replication has already occurred cell division time varies according to cell type, but takes about 24h on average Meiosis ?How does meiosis affect genetic content?? asexual reproduction is quick and efficient transition to haploid occurs at anaphase II chiasma: crossing over 2n: number of possible chromosomal recombinations Genetics Problems note ratio - see if epistasis is occurring outside members of the genetic line can bring mutated alleles for carrier questions, discard affected genotypes from Punnett square (setting a limit)

APUSH

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US History

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Classical genetics

Interpersonal relationships

law

Love

PERIOD 4 Case 1: Ideal H-W ? Surviving Genotypes ? AA Aa aa Parental ? 22 ? F1 4 14 4 F2 8 9 5 F3 8 12 2 F4 7 14 1 F5 10 7 5 Freq. of genotypes Freq. of alleles Gen. # p2 (AA) 2pq (Aa) q2 (aa) p (A) q (a) Parental (H-W hypo.) F5 (H-W hypo) F5 (actual) Case 2: Selection against Homozygous Recessive ? Surviving Genotypes ? AA Aa aa Parental ? 22 ? F1 8 14 0 F2 15 7 0 F3 15 7 0 F4 13 9 0 F5 12 10 0 Freq. of genotypes Freq. of alleles Gen. # p2 (AA) 2pq (Aa) q2 (aa) p (A) q (a) Parental (H-W hypo.) F5 (H-W hypo) F5 (actual) Case 3: Heterozygous Advantage ? Surviving Genotypes ?

Hardy Weinberg Answers

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Bio II DiGennaro Hardy-Weinberg Practice Problems A population of rabbits may be brown (the dominant phenotype) or white (the recessive phenotype). Brown rabbits have the genotype BB or Bb. White rabbits have the genotype bb. The frequency of the BB genotype is .35. What is the frequency of heterozygous rabbits? 0.484 What is the frequency of the B allele? 0.59 What is the frequency of the b allele? 0.41 A hypothetical population of 10,000 humans has 6840 individuals with the blood type AA, 2860 individuals with blood type AB and 300 individuals with the blood type BB. What is the frequency of each genotype in this population? AA = 0.684 / AB = 0.286 / BB = 0.03 What is the frequency of the A allele? 0.827 What is the frequency of the B allele? 0.173

Hardy Weinberg Problems

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Bio II DiGennaro Hardy-Weinberg Practice Problems A population of rabbits may be brown (the dominant phenotype) or white (the recessive phenotype). Brown rabbits have the genotype BB or Bb. White rabbits have the genotype bb. The frequency of the BB genotype is .35. What is the frequency of heterozygous rabbits? What is the frequency of the B allele? What is the frequency of the b allele? A hypothetical population of 10,000 humans has 6840 individuals with the blood type AA, 2860 individuals with blood type AB and 300 individuals with the blood type BB. What is the frequency of each genotype in this population? What is the frequency of the A allele? What is the frequency of the B allele?

Hardy Weinberg Practice Problems

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PERIOD 4 Case 1: Ideal H-W ? Surviving Genotypes ? AA Aa aa Parental ? 22 ? F1 4 14 4 F2 8 9 5 F3 8 12 2 F4 7 14 1 F5 10 7 5 Freq. of genotypes Freq. of alleles Gen. # p2 (AA) 2pq (Aa) q2 (aa) p (A) q (a) Parental (H-W hypo.) F5 (H-W hypo) F5 (actual) Case 2: Selection against Homozygous Recessive ? Surviving Genotypes ? AA Aa aa Parental ? 22 ? F1 8 14 0 F2 15 7 0 F3 15 7 0 F4 13 9 0 F5 12 10 0 Freq. of genotypes Freq. of alleles Gen. # p2 (AA) 2pq (Aa) q2 (aa) p (A) q (a) Parental (H-W hypo.) F5 (H-W hypo) F5 (actual) Case 3: Heterozygous Advantage ? Surviving Genotypes ?

Bio_160_Lecture6

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Archaea

Gene

How Populations Evolve Historical Theories ? Anaximander (~2500 yrs ago) ? Aristotle ? Georges Buffon (1700?s) ? Jean Baptist Lemark (late 1700?s - early1800?s) ? Erasmus Darwin Charles Darwin 18591874 Voyage of the HMS Beagle On the Origin of Species? ? Descent With Modification ? By means of Natural Selection Support for Descent with Modification ? Biogeography ? Fossil Record ? Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Cell Biology ? Comparative Anatomy ?Biogeography ? Biogeography, the geographic distribution of species ? Darwin noted that Gal?pagos animals resembled species of the South American mainland more than animals on similar but distant islands The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution

AP Bio Reading Guide Answers CH 22-23

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Population genetics

Genetic drift

Allele frequency

Balancing selection

Heterozygote advantage

Zygosity

Genetic variation

Microevolution

health

Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations This chapter begins with the idea that we focused on as we closed the last chapter: Individuals do not evolve! Populations evolve. The Overview looks at the work of Peter and Rosemary Grant with Gal?pagos finches to illustrate this point, and the rest of the chapter examines the change in populations over time. As in the last chapter, first read each concept to get the big picture and then go back to work on the details presented by our questions. Don?t lose sight of the conceptual understanding by getting lost in the details! Overview The Smallest Unit of Evolution ?One misconception is that organisms evolve, in the Darwinian sense, during their lifetimes

AP Bio Reading Guide Answers CH 23

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Population genetics

Genetic drift

Allele frequency