Natural selection

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Hardy–Weinberg principle

Heterozygote advantage

Genotype frequency

Polymorphism

Ch 23: The Evolution of Populations Overview Microevolution is a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations Concept 23.1: Genetic variation makes evolution possible Genetic Variation Genetic variation among individuals is caused by differences in genes or other DNA segments Phenotype is the product of inherited genotype and environmental influences Natural selection can only act on variation with a genetic component Formation of New Alleles New genes and alleles can arise by mutation or gene duplication A mutation is a heritable change in nucleotide sequence of DNA Only mutations in cells that produce gametes can be passed to offspring A point mutation is a change in one base in a gene The effects of point mutations can vary:

Rawle Evolution

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Fellows of the Royal Society

Biological evolution

Charles Darwin

Darwin–Wedgwood family

Ethologists

Natural selection

Lecture 2: Evolution recap Testing explanations for the diversity of life Descent with modification is testable and explains diversity Natural selection is the mechanism driving evolution 1 Diane FosseyBirute GaldakisJane Goodall Science strives to be objective 2 Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1892) Erasmus Darwin (1731?1802) The idea of change over time was not new 3 wikipedia.com Lamarck hypothesized about the mechanism causing diversity Use and disuse Inheritance of acquired characters Innate drive towards complexity 4 What do we require of hypotheses? 5 Descent with modification is testable 6 Natural selection is testable 7 The Grants studied ground finches for decades 8

The Hardy-Weinberg principle

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Population genetics

Genetics

Hardy–Weinberg principle

health

The Hardy-Weinberg principle The Hardy-Weinberg principle: the frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population?s gene pool will remain constant from one generation to the next. Provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work Describes a population that is not evolving The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes a hypothetical population Changes to allelic frequency and genotype always occur in real populations The equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p2 and q2 represent the frequencies of the homozygous genotypes 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle Population size = extremely large No gene flow can occur (no immigration or emigration of individuals) No mutations No natural selection

BIO152 Lecture 12 Darwin and Natural Selection

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Mimicry

Lecture 12-13 BIO152 Darwin and Natural Selection L12 mimicry means similar to something else mimicry can be shape and just not behavior mimic octopus is an example, it mimics a number of poisonous sea animals shape, behavior and colour chromataphors- changes shape , not just colour but patters uniform-little or no contrast moderate- destructive- to interfere with the colour that the actuall organism is octopus is colour blind but because of chromataphors not just matching colour behind you but the texture lyer bird makes sounds that they hear in their environment **Fig 23.13 Less than 35 years Think-Pair-Share Q: Where did antibiotic resistance gene come from?

Living in the Environment 16th Ed. : Ch.4 Key Terms

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Environmental Science

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Ecology

Chapter 4 adaptation, or adaptive trait any heritable trait that enables an individual organism to survive through natural selection and to reproduce more than other individuals under prevailing environmental conditions. background extinction Throughout most of history, species have disappeared at a low rate, called background extinction. biological diversity, or biodiversity the variety of the earth?s species, the genes they contain, the ecosystems in which they live, and the ecosystem processes such as energy flow and nutrient cycling that sustain all life. biological evolution the process whereby earth?s life changes over time through changes in the genes of populations. differential reproduction

Intro to Evolution and Evolutionary Genetics: Overview

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Cell Cycle cancer is the cell cycle going out of control most animal species are diploid cell division is a part of the cell cycle DNA is just the one molecule when you see chromosomes in a condensed state, DNA replication has already occurred cell division time varies according to cell type, but takes about 24h on average Meiosis ?How does meiosis affect genetic content?? asexual reproduction is quick and efficient transition to haploid occurs at anaphase II chiasma: crossing over 2n: number of possible chromosomal recombinations Genetics Problems note ratio - see if epistasis is occurring outside members of the genetic line can bring mutated alleles for carrier questions, discard affected genotypes from Punnett square (setting a limit)

Ch 22: Descent with Modification

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On the Origin of Species

Species

Ch 22: Descent with Modification Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (November 24, 1859) Origin of Species- focused biologists? attention on the great diversity of organisms a. Origins and relationships, similarities and differences, geographic distribution, adaptations to surrounding environments b. Presented evidence that the many species of organisms presently inhabiting Earth are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the modern species c. Proposed a mechanism for this evolutionary process Natural Selection Natural Selection- population can change over generations if individuals that possess certain heritable traits leave more offspring than other individuals

Big Ideas

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Evidence of common descent

Natural selection

Species

Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life Enduring Understanding 1.A- Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution Essential knowledge 1.A.1: Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, competition for limited resources results in differential survival. Individuals with more favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and produce more offspring thus passing traits to subsequent generation. (Fitness) Evolutionary fitness is measured by reproductive success Genetic variation and mutation play roles in natural selection. A diverse gene pool is important for the survival of a species in a changing environment.

AP bio summer hw ch 5 questions

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Reproductive isolation

Natural selection

Species

Hybrid

Isolating mechanisms

Hybrid inviability

Environment

AP Biology Summer Assignment Unit 5: Mechanisms of Evolution Ch. 22- This is the introductory chapter for the evolution unit. Look though the topics covered in this chapter and describe the ones that you think will be the most interesting to study. Explain your choices.

Living In The Environment 16th Edition, Chapter 4 Outline

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Environmental Science

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Environment

biodiversity