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biochemistry

AP Biology Macromolecules

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Macromolecules Macromolecules The topic of macromolecules lends itself well to illustrate three integral themes woven throughout the text and course: There is a natural hierarchy of structural level in biological organization As one moves up the hierarchy, new properties emerge because of interactions among subunits at the lower levels Form fits function. Most macromolecules are polymers Polymer = (Poly = many; mer = part) Large molecule consisting of many identical or similar subunits connected together. Monomer = Subunit or building block molecule of a polymer. Macromolecule = (Macro large) Large organic polymer. Formation of macromolecules from smaller building block molecules represents another level in the hierarchy of biological organization.

An analysis of Bacterial samples and herb preparation methodology

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An Analysis of Bacterial DNA Extracted from Water near Farms Previous research has suggested that pharmaceutical levels on farms have increased over time. Due to this, the pharmaceuticals can pollute the soil and water in the area surrounding the farm. Other research has showed that many pathogens have re-emerged on many farms. A gap exists in the literature, however, as to how these pathogens have re-emerged. The purpose of this study is to compare the bacteria found in various water sources on farms to the ?common? form of the bacteria. This could possibly allow new medication and vaccines to be formed quicker based on the strains found on various farms. Procedures: Collect bacterial samples from various sources Runoff Rivers Manure Troughs Culture the bacteria on agar

Summary of AP Biology Chemistry Unit

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Summary of AP Bio Study Book: Barron?s AP Bio Chemistry Section The biochemistry section includes the following subjects: Atomic Structure, Bonding, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Substances, the Properties of Water, Isomers, Organic Compounds, Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism. Atomic Structure All atoms consist of three subatomic particles: neutrons, protons, and electrons. An atom in the elemental state always has a neutral charge because the number of protons equals the electrons. Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number but have a different mass because they have more or less protons than usual.

Cellular Respiration Free response question and answer

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Breanna Takacs AP Biology A2 11/27/12 Cellular Respiration Free Response Questions The Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are both processes involved in obtaining ATP from pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis. Before the Krebs Cycle actually begins, pyruvate combines with coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA. One NADH and one CO2 are produced. Then the Krebs Cycle begins when citrate is formed by combining acetyl CoA with OAA. 3NADH, 1 FADH2 are made and CO2 is released. It is possible for the Krebs Cycle to be a cycle because the last product is OAA which reacts with acetyl CoA.

AP Biology Ch. 8-10 Vocabulary

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AP Biology Chapters 8-10 Vocabulary Chapter 8: Activation energy: the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start Active site: the specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds ATP: an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells Catalyst: a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Coenzyme: an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions

AP BIO Photosynthesis Vocab

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Stomates ? In plants, a mite opening bordered by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems; water passes out of a plant Mesophyll cells ? the photosynthetic parenchyma of a leaf, located within the epidermis Thylakoid Membranes ? in chloroplasts, a complex,organized internal membrane composed of flattened disks, which contain the photosystems involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Stroma ? In chloroplasts, the molecules from CO2.semi-liquid substance that surrounds the thylakoid system and that contains the enzymes needed to assemble organic

AP BIO Respiration Vocab

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Acetyl CoA ? the product of the transition reaction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl-CoA by NAD+ , also producing CO2, and NADH Aerobic ? Requiring free oxygen: any biological process that can occur in the presence of gaseous oxygen. Alcohol Fermentation ? The process by which yeast turns sugar into carbon dioxideCO2) and alcohol. Anaerobic ? Any process that can occur without oxygen, such as anaerobic fermentation or H2S photosynthesis. ATP Synthase ? An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP from the phosphorylation of ADP with inorganic phosphate, using a form of energy, such as the energy from a proton gradient.

Chapter 9 Notes

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Chapter 9 notes Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Concept 9.1 Metabolic pathways that release energy are called catabolic pathways - fermentation and cellular respiration _____________: partial degradation of sugars that occurs w/out the help of O2 ________: O2 is consumed as a reactant along w/ the sugar - more efficient Concept 9.1 Cellular respiration occurs in the _______________ Organic + O2 ? Carbon + H2O + Energy compounds dioxide C6H12O6 + 6O2 ? 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy 1 glucose = -686 kcals Concept 9.1 ATP is the central molecule responsible for energy used by the cell The cell uses enzymes to transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other compounds (making them _________________) ATP ? ADP + phosphate Concept 9.1

Chapter 10 Notes

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Chapter 10 notes Photosynthesis Photosynthesis In Nature All life acquires organic compounds for energy and carbon skeletons by one of two ways - ______________: (autos = self, trophos = feed) - they sustain themselves w/out eating other organisms Photosynthesis In Nature - plants are _________________ because they use light as a source of energy - __________: (hetero = other, different) - live on compounds produced by other organisms Heterotrophs are dependent on photoautotrophs for food and oxygen Photosynthesis In Nature ________________ are the site of photosynthesis in plants All green parts of plants have chloroplasts - color is from ____________, the green pigment in the chloroplasts

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