Earth

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Plate tectonics

Geodynamics

Structure of the Earth

Mantle

What Drives Plate Motions? Convection (hot rocks rise and cold rocks sink) is the ultimate driver of plate tectonics A. Forces that Drive Plate Motion The mantle consists of almost entirely solid rock, but is hot and weak enough to act like a viscous, fluid-like convective flow. The simplest type of convection is like heating a pot of water. The base, which has been heated up, becomes less dense and rises in thin sheets/blobs that spread out to the surface. As the surface cools, it densifies and the cooler water sinks back to the bottom, where it reheats, etc. This is like mantle convection. Slab pull happens when cold, dense oceanic lithosphere sinks through the less dense underlying warm asthenosphere (sink down like a rock pulled into mantle by gravity).

Holt Earth Science Chapter 9, Section 9.4

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Geography of California

Fault

Cascadia subduction zone

Oceanic trench

Pacific Plate

Mendocino Fracture Zone

Transform Plate Boundaries In a transform plate boundary (transform fault), plates slide horizontally past one another without producing or destroying lithosphere. They commonly connect 2 spreading centers (divergent), or less commonly 2 trenches (convergent). Mostly found on ocean floor (offset segments of oceanic ridge system, producing a steplike plate margin). Zigzag shape of Mid-Atlantic Ridge reflects shape of original shape of rifting Transform faults are part of linear breaks in seafloor (fracture zones) that include active and inactive (extensions) of the transform faults.

Holt Earth Science Chapter 9, Section 9.3

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Geographic information system

Crust

A. Oceanic-Continental Convergence When a plate capped with continental crust converges with a slab of oceanic lithosphere, the buoyant continental block remains ?floating?; denser oceanic crust sinks into the mantle. When oceanic slab goes down about 100km, melting is triggered in the asthenosphere above it. This is because the ?wet? oceanic rock in a high-pressure place melts at a much lower temperature than ?dry? rock of the same material does. Sediments and oceanic crusts have lots of H2O, which is carried down much depth by a subducting plate. As the plate moves down, heat + pressure drive water from voids in the rock. At a depth of 100km, the wedge of rock is hot enough so that H2O from slab, when exposed, causes some melting.

AP chapter 1 test review

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Human Geography

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Geography

Cartography

Geological history of Earth

Planetary science

Remote sensing

Region

Map

Globalization

APHG Unit One Test Concepts Explain the importance of geography as a field of study. Explain major geographical concepts underlying the geographic perspective. location, place, scale, space, pattern, nature and society, networks, flows, regionalization, and globalization Use landscape analysis to examine the human organization of space. Use spatial thinking to analyze the human organization of space. Use and interpret maps. types of maps, map distortion Apply mathematical formulas and graphs to interpret geographic concepts. arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural density Use and interpret geographic models. Use concepts such as space, place, and region to examine geographic issues. Interpret processes and patterns at different scales.

Geography and the Peopling on Earth

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World History

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Pleistocene

Human

Eurasia

Atlantic Ocean

Beringia

Oceania

Geography & the Peopling on Earth Geographic Orientation Antarctica- No native pop. Australia Oldest surviving ethnic group- Aborigines Very isolated for most of its history 1,000?s of islands in Pacific (Oceania)= Part of Australia Africa Birthplace of humanity Northern 1/3= Sahara Desert Asia Largest Most populated Most diverse mix of Climates Languages Cultures Subregions= Middle East Central Asia South Asia (Indian Subcontinent) Southeast Asia East Asia (Core= China, Korea, Japan) Europe Small continent Large population Resource-rich Mild & temperate climate Physically joined to Asia (Eurasia) The Arctic Ocean Smallest ocean Ice most of the year Difficult to navigate Location of the Northwest passage sought by European explorers Passage is unusable due to ice-bound conditions

Chapter 18 Powerpoint

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Chemistry

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Sphere

Oxygen

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Oxygen

Smog

Ozone depletion

Refrigerants

Oxidizing agents

Ozone

NOx

Chapter 18: Chemistry of the Environment Priyal Patel AP Chemistry 0pd 18.1 Earth?s Atmosphere Temperature varied due to altitude Decreases with increasing altitude Layer of atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Composition of the Atmosphere Not uniform Bombarded with radiation and energetic particles Lighter atoms rise to top N2 triple bond for between Nitrogen atoms O2 Much more reactive Reacts to form oxides 18.2 The Outer Regions of the Atmosphere Outer portion of atmosphere is important in determining conditions of life Upper layer forms outer defense against radiation and high-energy particles Photodissociation Rupture of a chemical bond resulting form absorption of a photon by a molecule Does not form ions Forms two neutral particles

Help

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Art History

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Ozone depletion

Environment

Oxygen

Chemistry

Atmosphere

Disinfectants

Environmental chemistry

Ozone

Health

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Physics

Baryons

Proton

Ozone

Michael Treacy 3/3/2010 Pd. 3 Ozone Hole @ TD 1. What is the Ozone and why do we need it in our atmosphere to have a healthier planet? The Ozone is the Gas O3. This gas is located in the Stratosphere and absorbs UV Rays. We need the ozone in our atmosphere because it absorbs 98% of the UV Rays. Without the ozone to filter all these UV Rays many animals would have medical / health problems. 2. Describe how the ozone protects us. The ozone protects us by filtering out and absorbing most of the UV Rays before they reach the earth. Most of the Rays are biologically harmful and know to damage tissues and cells. 3. How is a chlorine atom harmful to the ozone in the stratosphere?

The Crash

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English

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Asia

Europe

Russian Empire

Attachment theory

Russia

Politics

SPAIN Expulsion of Muslims and Jews living in Spain Reconquista: pushed Muslim influence out of Spain by reconquering Spain from the Muslims Exploration: Christopher Columbus; Ferdinand Magellan Unification of Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella; strengthening of centralization and authority of the monarchy Inquisition: persecution of non-Catholics in Spain Established colonies in the Americas and the Pacific Ocean Economy: rise in wealth with acquisition of colonies; inflation from gold and silver brought into Spain by Spanish conquistadors; eventual decline in wealth as Spanish monarchs and nobles don?t invest money in Spain, but rather spend it on luxury goods @Caribbean: first land claims; Columbus

Apes Ch 14 Test

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Structure of the Earth

Plate tectonics

Crust

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Environment

Chapter 14 GEOLOGY AND NONRENEWABLE MINERALS Multiple Choice Questions Core Case Study A common form of extracting gold from rock used in Australia and North America is power flushing cyanide heap leaching sulfuric acid leaching hydraulic scouring yellow-cake extraction Level: Moderate Answer: B 14-1 What Are the Earth?s Major Geological Processes and Hazards? The middle, partially melted zone of the interior of the earth is called the crust tectonic plate core mantle magma Level: Easy Answer: D Which part of the earth?s crust makes up 71% of the crust? oceanic crust asthenosphere lithosphere continental crust geosphere Level: Moderate Answer: A Large sections of the earth?s crust, called __________, move slowly on the mantle below them.

chapter 7

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Human Geography

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