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Smog

AP Environmental Science Chapters 5, 10, 18, 19, 20

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Chapters 5,10,18,19,20 Test Study Guide FRQ -Air Pollution= Is the presence of chemicals in the troposphere in high concentrations high enough to harm organisms, ecosystems, or materials, and high enough to alter climate. -Outdoor Pollutants= mostly human inputs, occur in industrialized and urban areas where people, cars, and factories are concentrated. (burning fossil fuels in power plants, factories, and cars) -Two Types of Outdoor Pollution -Primary Pollutants= Harmful substances that are emitted directly into the air. (most hydrocarbons and suspended particles) -Secondary Pollutants= Some primary pollutants reacting with one another or with the basic components of air to form new harmful pollutants. (Most NO3- AND SO42- Salts)

Ozone

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Ozone: Ozone is found near the ground in the troposphere, and it is also a major component of smog. The ozone close to the ground should not be confused with the ozone in the upper layer of the atmosphere (the stratosphere), which screens out harmful ultraviolet rays. Ozone is formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds mix in the sunlight, and therefore ozone levels are always higher in summer. Nitrogen oxides are formed by burning fossil fuels, and some sources of volatile organic compounds are factories and trees.

Chapter 15 Notes

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HI ALEX YOURE MY FAVORITE IN THIS WHOLE ENTIRE WORLD!! (and I like him so much oh my gosh) Chapter 15 Notes Trini Soza Air pollution The introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or microorganisms into the atmosphere at concentrations high enough to harm plants, animals, and materials such as buildings, or to alter ecosystems - Air pollution is the most widespread environmental damage. - 147 million metric tons of air pollution released each year by the US. - The world releases about 2 billion metric tons a year. - Air quality has improved over the past 20 years in developed countries. - Developing countries however have higher air pollution sometimes ten times higher than the pollution levels considered safe for human health. Natural Air pollution:

Outdoor Air Pollutants

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Outdoor Air Pollutants What are the major classes of outdoor pollutants? Natural sources--- 1. dust and other suspended particles 2. Sulfur oxides from volcanoes 3. Carbon oxides and particulates from fires 4. Pollen 5. Methane and hydrogen sulfide from decay 6. Salt from oceans * Most spread out and are rarely harmful http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/ Other sources--- 1. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) methane, propane, CFC 2. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) solids dust, lead, pesticides 3. Radioactive substances- radon, iodine 4. Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) can cause birth defects, cancer

AP Environmental Science Chapter 18 Questions and Answers

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Chapter 18 1. Know about the Asian Brown Cloud 2. Know the layers of the atmosphere and how they are divided 3. Where does weather occur? 4. Where do weather balloons go? 5. What are VOC?s? 6. How are VOC?s classified? 7. Where is photochemical smog likely to occur? 8. Who is vulnerable to air pollution? 9. What does formaldehyde cause? 10. What are the 4 most dangerous indoor air pollutants? 11. How do experts rate indoor air pollution? 12. What is sick building syndrome? 13. What is a temperature inversion? 14. What is gray air smog? 15. What is radon and how is it harmful? 16. What are national ambient air quality standards? 17. How has the combined emissions of the six major air pollutants decreased?

Chapter 18 Powerpoint

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Chapter 18: Chemistry of the Environment Priyal Patel AP Chemistry 0pd 18.1 Earth?s Atmosphere Temperature varied due to altitude Decreases with increasing altitude Layer of atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Composition of the Atmosphere Not uniform Bombarded with radiation and energetic particles Lighter atoms rise to top N2 triple bond for between Nitrogen atoms O2 Much more reactive Reacts to form oxides 18.2 The Outer Regions of the Atmosphere Outer portion of atmosphere is important in determining conditions of life Upper layer forms outer defense against radiation and high-energy particles Photodissociation Rupture of a chemical bond resulting form absorption of a photon by a molecule Does not form ions Forms two neutral particles
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