Hydrogen bond

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Chemical properties

Equilibrium chemistry

Water

? 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Presentations byNicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Chapter 3Water and Life The Molecule That Supports All of Life Water makes life possible on Earth Water is the only common substance to exist in the natural environment in all three physical states of matter Water?s unique emergent properties help make Earth suitable for life The structure of the water molecule allows it to interact with other molecules ? 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 3.1: Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding In the water molecule, the electrons of the polar covalent bonds spend more time near the oxygen than the hydrogen The water molecule is thus a polar molecule:The overall charge is unevenly distributed

lab polar or nonpolar using boiling points

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AP CHEM LAB: CHEMICAL BONDING ? POLAR OR NONPOLAR THEORY: ?Two atoms held together by the mutual attraction of each nucleus to valence shell electrons are said to be chemically bonded. The chemical bond can be represented by the overlap of the electron probability density map of an atomic orbital from each atom to form a molecular orbital capable of containing two electrons. Or said in English, a covalent bond can form. These electrons are shared between the respective atoms. However, the degree of sharing is not necessarily equal. The electronegativity of each atom can be used to approximate its attraction for the electrons and therefore the probability of finding the electrons closer to that nuclei.

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 2

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Valence

ELEMENT ATOMIC # ATOMIC WEIGHT VALENCE ELECTRONS COVALENT BONDS H hydrogen 1 1 C carbon 6 12 N nitrogen 7 14 O oxygen 8 16 P phosphorus 15 31 S sulfur 16 32 1 4 5 6 5 6 1 4 3 2 3 2 SPONCH Facts CHAPTER 2: THE CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life ?Devil?s Gardens? Overview: A Chemical Connection to Biology Biology is a multidisciplinary science Living organisms are subject to basic laws of physics and chemistry One example is the use of formic acid by ants to maintain ?devil?s gardens,? stands of Duroia trees Sodium Chlorine sodium chloride- a compound Elements and Compounds Matter is made up of elements An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Bonding Structure

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Ion

Chemical? ?Bonding? ?and? ?Structure 1.1? ?chemical? ?bonding:? ?the? ?attraction? ?between? ?particles Atoms Ions Molecules Smallest? ?unit? ?of? ?elements? ?that cannot? ?be? ?broken? ?down? ?into anything? ?simpler Atoms? ?that? ?are? ?covalently? ?bonded and? ?carry? ?an? ?overall? ?electrical charge Groups? ?of? ?atoms? ?that? ?are covalently? ?bonded Calcium? ?atom,? ?carbon? ?atom Calcium? ?ion,? ?oxide? ?ion Carbon? ?dioxide? ?molecule 1.2? ?Metallic? ?bond 1.2.1? ?Bonding? ?and? ?Structure - Metallic? ?bond? ?is? ?the? ??electrostatic? ?force? ?of? ?attraction?? ?between? ??positive? ?metal? ?ions?? ?and? ?the? ??sea? ?of delocalised? ?electrons - Giant? ?metallic? ?lattice? ?structure - Non-directional

Ap Bio chap2_3 ppt

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Chemical bonding

Chemical properties

Intermolecular forces

Valence

The Chemistry of Life Why are we studying chemistry? Chemistry is the foundation of Biology Proton Neutron Electron Hydrogen 1 proton 1 electron Oxygen 8 protons 8 neutrons 8 electrons + 0 ? Everything is made of matter Matter is made of atoms The World of Elements C Different kinds of atoms = elements H O N P S Na K Mg Ca Life requires ~25 chemical elements About 25 elements are essential for life Four elements make up 96% of living matter: ? carbon (C) ? hydrogen (H) ? oxygen (O) ? nitrogen (N) Four elements make up most of remaining 4%: ? phosphorus (P) ? calcium (Ca) ? sulfur (S) ? potassium (K) Effect of electrons electrons determine chemical behavior of atom depends on number of electrons in atom?s outermost shell valence shell Bonding properties

Organic Chemistry Lecture 12a

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Infrared spectroscopy

Alkane

Ketone

Chapter 12 ?2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Chapter 12 * Introduction Spectroscopy is a technique used to determine the structure of a compound. Most techniques are nondestructive (it destroys little or no sample). Absorption spectroscopy measures the amount of light absorbed by the sample as a function of wavelength. Chapter 12 Chapter 12 * Types of Spectroscopy Infrared (IR) spectroscopy measures the bond vibration frequencies in a molecule and is used to determine the functional group. Mass spectrometry (MS) fragments the molecule and measures their mass. MS can give the molecular weight of the compound and functional groups.

Sugars

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Nutrition

Carbohydrate chemistry

Glucose

Chemical Components of Cells - Part I: Sugars 1/14 Living organisms are chemical systems Cells contain relatively few elements The distribution of elements differs dramatically from living organisms to inanimate matter Mostly carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen Why do living organisms contain so much hydrogen and oxygen? Water is the most abundant molecule in the cell Atoms can interact with each other through covalent and non-covalent bonds MOLECULES ARE COVALENTLY BONDED ATOMS Result from the sharing of electrons & form the backbone of molecules Strong molecular bonds that require energy to make and break The number of electrons in the outer shell determine reactivity* Not always shared equally (i.e. Polar vs non-polar molecules)

AP Bio Chapter 3 notes

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Chemical bonding

Intermolecular forces

Water

Oxygen

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water

Chapter 3 ? Water & Fitness of the Environment Effect of Water?s Polarity Polarity of water causes hydrogen bonding Water is made up of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen; held together by 1 covalent bond Oxygen is slightly negative and hydrogen is slightly positive ?> polarity Polarity causes hydrogen to be attracted to other oxygen molecules, creating hydrogen bonds; each molecule can be connected to 4 other molecules 4 properties of water Water?s cohesion Stabilization of temperature Expansion upon freezing Versatility as a solvent Cohesion of water molecules Hydrogen bonds keep water molecules sticking together - hydrogen bonds are very weak; they form and reform with great frequency Cohesion: the process in which hydrogen bonds hold the substances together

Campbell Biology Chapter 3 outline

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Bases

Equilibrium chemistry

Acids

PH

Water

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Bases

Equilibrium chemistry

Acids

#AP Bio #CampbellBiology #Chapter 3 #Outline

Properties of water

Hydronium

water

PH

Hydrogen bond

Solution

CHAPTER 3 ? WATER AND LIFE THE MOLECUES THAT SUPPORT ALL OF LIFE Water is the only natural substance to exist in all 3 states of matter: Solid Liquid Gas WATER molecule is a polar molecule It has a positive and a negative end It can make up to 4 Hydrogen bonds that break and reform instantaneously. 4 Emergent properties of water COHESION The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. Water sticks to itself Adhesion- water sticks to something else Surface Tension ? A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules MODERATION OF TEMPERATURE BY WATER HEAT AND TEMPERATURE Kinetic Energy ?

chemistry/intro to bio

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