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Polysaccharides

carbohydrates_reading_wiley

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Carbohydrates Robert J Sturgeon, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK The carbohydrates comprise one of the major groups of naturally occurring organic molecules and are amongst the most abundant constituents of plants, animals and microorganisms. In general, carbohydrates are polyhydroxy-aldehydes or-ketones. They may contain, in addition, amino, acetamido and carboxyl functional groups. Introduction The term carbohydrate includes monosaccharides, oligo- saccharides and polysaccharides. Also included are sub- stances derived from monosaccharides such as alditols, which are derived by reduction of the carbonyl group and carboxylic acids, which are derived by oxidation of one or more terminal groups. Replacement of a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom produces a deoxy-sugar and

carbohydrate biofact sheet

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Carbohydrates: Revision Summary B io F actsheet January 1999 Number 39 1 Carbohydrates contain 3 elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). Thus, if we remove water from carbohydrates, all that remains is carbon. Carbohydrates can be divided into 3 categories; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (Table 1). Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Monosaccharides and disaccharides are sugars. They all have the basic formula (CH2O)n and can be classified according to how many carbon atoms they contain. 3C = triose sugars e.g. glyceraldehyde C3H5O2 5C = pentose sugars e.g. ribose C5H10O5 6C = hexose sugars e.g. glucose C6H12O6 Formation of disaccharides - typical exam questions Common exam questions include:

Sugars

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Chemical Components of Cells - Part I: Sugars 1/14 Living organisms are chemical systems Cells contain relatively few elements The distribution of elements differs dramatically from living organisms to inanimate matter Mostly carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen Why do living organisms contain so much hydrogen and oxygen? Water is the most abundant molecule in the cell Atoms can interact with each other through covalent and non-covalent bonds MOLECULES ARE COVALENTLY BONDED ATOMS Result from the sharing of electrons & form the backbone of molecules Strong molecular bonds that require energy to make and break The number of electrons in the outer shell determine reactivity* Not always shared equally (i.e. Polar vs non-polar molecules)

quiz 5

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Click on the diagram to start the animation. What name is given to the process seen in this animation? (Activity: Making and Breaking Polymers) The Correct Answer: dehydration synthesis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Not Answered Glycogen is _____. (Activity: Carbohydrates) The Correct Answer: a polysaccharide found in animals -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Not Answered glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____. (Activity: Carbohydrates) The Correct Answer: maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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