Organic chemistry

Nature

Isomerism

Chemical nomenclature

Isomer

Carbon

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life This chapter focuses on the chemistry of carbon and organic compounds. Students should be able to identify the nature of the bonds between carbon and other elements (nonpolar versus polar), the different types of weak bonds and interactions, the various types of isomers, the basic functional groups of organic molecules, and their relative solubility in water. The abiotic formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is important in the origin of life. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) nitrogen. E) phosphorus. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

Ap bio Carbon Compunds ppt

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Biology

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Isomerism

Chemical nomenclature

Ketone

Carbon

Hydrocarbon

Isomer

* Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life * Carbon Chemistry Carbon is the Backbone of Biological Molecules (macromolecules) All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on the element carbon Figure 4.1 * Carbon Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms Carbon compounds range from simple molecules to complex ones Carbon has four valence electrons and may form single, double, triple, or quadruple bonds * The bonding versatility of carbon allows it to form many diverse molecules, including carbon skeletons (a) Methane (b) Ethane (c) Ethene (ethylene) Molecular Formula Structural Formula Ball-and-Stick Model Space-Filling Model H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C C C C C

Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Ch. 4 Organic Chem

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Biology

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Chemical nomenclature

Isomer

Carbon

Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life I. Importance of Carbon Organic chemistry: branch of chemistry that specializes in study of carbon compounds Organic compounds: contain Carbon (& H) Major elements of life: CHNOPS Carbon can form large, complex, and diverse molecules II. Diversity of Carbon It has 4 valence electrons (tetravalence) It can form up to 4 covalent bonds Most frequent bonding partners: H, O, N II. Diversity of Carbon Bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds. II. Diversity of Carbon Carbon can form large molecules 4 classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids II. Diversity of Carbon Molecules can be chains, ring-shaped, or branched II. Diversity of Carbon Forms isomers

Organic Chemistry Lecture 19b

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Substitution reactions

Amide

Amination

Imine

Nitrile

Sulfonamide

Aniline

Chapter 19 * Alkylation of Amines by Alkyl Halides Even if just one equivalent of the halide is added, some amine molecules will react once, some will react twice, and some will react three times (to give the tetraalkylammonium salt). Chapter 19 * Examples of Useful Alkylations Exhaustive alkylation to form the tetraalkylammonium salt. Reaction with large excess of NH3 to form the primary amine. C H 3 C H 2 C H C H 2 C H 2 C H 3 N ( C H 3 ) 3 C H 3 C H 2 C H C H 2 C H 2 C H 3 N H 2 3 C H 3 I N a H C O 3 + _ I C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 B r N H 3 ( x s ) C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 N H 2 + N H 4 B r Chapter 19 Chapter 19 * Acylation of Amines Primary and secondary amines react with acid halides to form amides. This reaction is a nucleophilic acyl substitution. Chapter 19 *

Organic Chemistry Lecture 20

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Nucleophilic acyl substitution

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Ester

Acid

Fischer–Speier esterification

Acyl chloride

Alcohol

Ketone

Carbonyl group

Chapter 20 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Carboxylic Acids Chapter 20 * Introduction The functional group of carboxylic acids consists of a C?O with ?OH bonded to the same carbon. Carboxyl group is usually written ?COOH. Aliphatic acids have an alkyl group bonded to ?COOH. Aromatic acids have an aryl group. Fatty acids are long-chain aliphatic acids. Chapter 20 Chapter 20 * Common Names Many aliphatic acids have historical names. Positions of substituents on the chain are labeled with Greek letters starting at the carbon attached to the carboxylic carbon. Chapter 20 Chapter 20 * IUPAC Names Remove the final -e from alkane name, add the ending -oic acid. The carbon of the carboxyl group is #1. Chapter 20 Chapter 20 * Unsaturated Acids

Organic Chemistry Lecture 19b

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Nucleophilic substitution

Substitution reactions

Markovnikov's rule

Alkene

Electrophile

Haloalkane

Nucleophilic acyl substitution

Amide

Chapter 8 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Reactions of Alkenes Chapter 8 * Bonding in Alkenes Electrons in pi bond are loosely held. The double bond acts as a nucleophile attacking electrophilic species. Carbocations are intermediates in the reactions. These reactions are called electrophilic additions. Chapter 8 Chapter 8 * Electrophilic Addition Step 1: Pi electrons attack the electrophile. Step 2: Nucleophile attacks the carbocation. Chapter 8 Chapter 8 * Types of Additions Chapter 8 Chapter 8 * Addition of HX to Alkenes Step 1 is the protonation of the double bond. The protonation step forms the most stable carbocation possible. In step 2, the nucleophile attacks the carbocation, forming an alkyl halide.

Organic Chemistry Lecture 19a

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Electrophilic aromatic substitution

Pyrrole

Pyridine

Nitrogen inversion

Chapter 19 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Amines Chapter 19 * Biologically Active Amines The alkaloids are an important group of biologically active amines, mostly synthesized by plants to protect them from being eaten by insects and other animals. Many drugs of addiction are classified as alkaloids. Chapter 19 * Biological Activity of Amines Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. Epinephrine is a bioregulator. Niacin, Vitamin B6, is an amine. Alkaloids: nicotine, morphine, cocaine Amino acids Chapter 19 Chapter 19 * Classes of Amines Primary (1?): Has one alkyl group bonded to the nitrogen (RNH2). Secondary (2?): Has two alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen (R2NH). Tertiary (3?): Has three alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen (R3N).

Organic Chemistry Lecture 19

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Amide

Gabriel synthesis

Nitrile

Imine

Chapter 19 ? 2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Amines Chapter 19 * Biologically Active Amines The alkaloids are an important group of biologically active amines, mostly synthesized by plants to protect them from being eaten by insects and other animals. Many drugs of addiction are classified as alkaloids. Chapter 19 Chapter 19 * Biological Activity of Amines Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. Epinephrine is a bioregulator. Niacin, Vitamin B6, is an amine. Alkaloids: nicotine, morphine, cocaine Amino acids Chapter 19 Chapter 19 * Classes of Amines Primary (1?): Has one alkyl group bonded to the nitrogen (RNH2). Secondary (2?): Has two alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen (R2NH). Tertiary (3?): Has three alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen (R3N).

Organic Chemistry Lecture 18

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Ketone

Acetal

Alkene

Alcohol

Chapter 18 ?2010, Prentice Hall Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Ketones and Aldehydes Chapter 18 * Carbonyl Compounds Chapter 18 Chapter 18 * Carbonyl Structure Carbon is sp2 hybridized. C?O bond is shorter, stronger, and more polar than C?C bond in alkenes. Chapter 18 Chapter 18 * Ketone Nomenclature Number the chain so that carbonyl carbon has the lowest number. Replace the alkane -e with -one. 3-methyl-2-butanone 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone C H 3 C O C H C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 C O C H C H 3 C H 2 O H 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Chapter 18 Chapter 18 * Ketone Nomenclature (Continued) For cyclic ketones, the carbonyl carbon is assigned the number 1. 3-bromocyclohexanone O B r 1 3 Chapter 18 Chapter 18 * C H 3 C H 2 C H C H 3 C H 2 C H O Aldehydes Nomenclature

Organic Chemistry Lecture 17

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