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European History

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The Enlightenment

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Kinberg, Nicholas Michael Chakmakian AP European History 13 May 2015 Chapter 7 Outline Enlightenment 1762,Parlementof Toulouse, France convicted Jean Calas of murdering son Was Protestant in region where Catholic-Protestant tensions ran hi. Witnesses claimed that Calas wanted to break with fam./convert to Catholicism, convinced magistrates that Calas killed son to prevent conversion Calas was tortured twiceto force confession/ID accomplices Calas maintained innocence; 2 yrs. Later,Parlementreversed verdict, declared him not guilty, offered fam.compensation Francois MarieArouet (Voltaire) was appalled Was famous Enlightenment thinker; writer, cleared Calas' name; contacted friends, hired lawyers for fam., wrote briefs, letters, essays to bring case to public

The New Science of the Seventeenth Century

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Kinberg, Nicholas Michael Chakmakian AP European History 12 May 2015 Chapter 6 Outline Science of 17th Scienceentailed 3 things: knowledge, inquiry, practitioners/institutions that support work Scientific revolutionof 17thinvolved these 3 Scientific revolution saw emergence of heliocentric view of planetary system, displaced earth from center of universe Brought new math physics that described view Scientific revolution est. method of inquiry for understanding world: emphasized observation, experiment, hypotheses;Scienceemerged as branch of knowledge; ppl. Referred to study of matter, motion, optics, circulation of blood as natural philosophy, experimental philosophy, medicine, science Growth of societies/institutions dedicated to research was central to changes

Absolutism and Empire, 1660–1789

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Kinberg, Nicholas Michael Chakmakian AP European History 9 May 2015 Chapter 5 Outline Absolutism/Empire, 1660-1789 South-central France known as Auvergne in 1660s, marquis of Canillac had reputation Had right to collect taxes on special occasions, insisted that small privileges be converted into tributes; housed 12 accomplices in castle that he called apostles Imprisoned those who resisted/forced families to buy freedom Marquis might've gotten away; 1662, ran up against king Louis SIV, determined to demo. Power of monarch;Marquis was brought on charges before special court of judges from Paris, found guilty/forced to pay fine King confiscated prop./had marquis' castle destroyed Louis XIV's special court in Auvergne heard 1k civil cases over 4 months in 1662

Religion, Warfare, and Sovereignty: 1540–1660

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Kinberg, Nicholas Michael Chakmakian AP European History 7 May 2015 Chapter 4 Outline Religion, War, Sovereignty, 1540 ? 1600 English losses in Hundred Years'War caused civil war The First Part of Henry VIwas intended to explore origins of wars during reign of child-king who succeeded Henry V, completed trilogy that launched William Shakespeare Civil strife was popular in 16th, England was more peaceful than other countries in Euro, unity was fragile;shattered because of religion, maintained by nat'l ID Shakespeare's plays promoted ID by celebrating superiority of Englishman over Euro neighbors, rep'd. As ridiculous/villainous; dangerous char. Was French heroine Joan of Arc, Catholic faith was mask for witchcraft

The Age of Dissent and Division, 1500–1600

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Kinberg, Nicholas Michael Chakmakian AP European History 6 May 2015 Chapter 3 Outline Dissent/Division, 1500 ? 1600 1500, Euro's econ. Was expo'ing., cities were growing, monarchs ofFrance, England, Spain, Scotland, Poland were est.; pop. Was increasing, gov't's were extending ctrl. Euros embarked on colonial expo.; papacy pursued territorial wars in Italy, Church weathered Avignon captivity/Great Schism Heresies were suppressed; in struggle over conciliarism, papacy won support from all Euro rulers, relegated conciliarists to isolation at Uni. Of Paris Devotion of Christians was strong/parish a crucial site of community ID Edu. Standards of parish clergy were higher than ever, reformersnoted that too many priests were ignorant of spiritual duties

Renaissance Ideals and Realities, c. 1350–1550

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Kinberg, Nicholas Michael Chakmakian AP European History 5 May 2015 Chapter 2 Outline Renaissance Ideals/Realities, 1350 ? 1550 Medieval or Renaissance No single set of ideals,reshaped by political/econ. Realities; Renaissance never superseded Christianity, Francesco Petrarca started Renaissance Renaissance Classicism Renaissance thinkers/artists were diverse in attitudes, achievements, approaches There was diff. Between learning of Middle Ages/Renaissance Medieval scholars knew Roman authors, especially Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, discovery of ?new? works by Livy, Tacitus, Lucretius expo'd. Classic canon Recovery of Greek lit., study thrived only in Byzantium until later

Commerce, Conquest, and Colonization, 1300–1600

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Kinberg, Nicholas Michael Chakmakian AP European History 4 May 2015 Chapter 1 Outline Commerce, Conquest, Colonization, 1300 ? 1600 1352, Mandeville'sBook of Marvelscirculated, Eurobecame consolidated/unified Reached geo. Limits; conquest of Muslim territory in 1492, Ferdinand/Isabella eradicated Muslims in west Euro that dated to 7thcentury No longer prospect of Latin Christendom's dominion in Holy Land, North Africa, other Muslimterritories were targeted by crusaders; Ottoman Turks were forging empire that would encompass all those regions/east Roman Empire in Byzantium German princes conquered territories in east Euro, slowed by Poland-Lithuania/emergence of Muscovy in northeastEuro, halted by Mongols/absorption of east Euro into Ottoman Empire

AP EURO NOTES

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AP Euro Notes Sec 27-2 pp.868-872 AND 876- 888 Nalani Story THE AFTERMATH OF THE WAR: EMERGENCE OF THE COLD WAR Tehran Conference (1943) Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill, the leaders of the Big Three of the Grand Alliance, met at Tehran, Iran in November of 1943 primary purpose was to determine the way the final assault on Germany would be conducted Roosevelt and Stalin overruled Churchill and decided that the British and Americans would invade the continent through France in the Spring of 1944 not through the Balkans as Churchill wanted decision meant that Eastern Europe would be liberated by the Russians agreed to link up with the Soviets in Germany and partition Germany upon its defeat Yalta Conference (1945)

AP EURO NOTES

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AP Euro Notes Sec 27-1 pp. 842 -855 Nalani Story THE DEEPENING OF THE EUROPEAN CRISIS: WW II PRELUDE TO WAR (1933-1939) ---the efforts at collective security in the 1920s---the League of Nations, the attempts at disarmament, the pacts and the treaties---all proved meaningless in view of the growth of Nazi Germany and its deliberate scrapping of the postwar settlement in the 1930s ---World War II was largely made possible by the failure of Britain and France to oppose strongly flagrant German violations of the Treaty of Versailles The Path to War (1937-1939) at a secret conference with his military leaders on November 5, 1937, Hitler stated that Germany?s ultimate goal must be the conquest of living space in the east

AP EURO NOTES

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AP Euro Notes Sec 26-2 pp. 807-816 Nalani Story The Democratic States Woodrow Wilson proclaimed that WWI=been fought to make world safe for democracy 1919, there seemed to be some justification for this claim 4 major Euro states & a host of minor ones had functioning political democracies In a # of nations, universal male suffrage=replaced by universal suffrage as male politicians rewarded women for their contributions to WWI by granting the right to vote (except in Italy, France, & Spain) Women also began to enter political life as deputies to parliamentary bodies. In new German repub almost 10% of deputies elected to Reichstag in 1919=women # dropped to 6% by 1926 Great Britain After WWI GB went through a period of painful readjustment and serious economic difficulties

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