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Montesquieu

The Enlightenment

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Montesquieu

Kinberg, Nicholas Michael Chakmakian AP European History 13 May 2015 Chapter 7 Outline Enlightenment 1762,Parlementof Toulouse, France convicted Jean Calas of murdering son Was Protestant in region where Catholic-Protestant tensions ran hi. Witnesses claimed that Calas wanted to break with fam./convert to Catholicism, convinced magistrates that Calas killed son to prevent conversion Calas was tortured twiceto force confession/ID accomplices Calas maintained innocence; 2 yrs. Later,Parlementreversed verdict, declared him not guilty, offered fam.compensation Francois MarieArouet (Voltaire) was appalled Was famous Enlightenment thinker; writer, cleared Calas' name; contacted friends, hired lawyers for fam., wrote briefs, letters, essays to bring case to public

Philosophes of the Enlightenment

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Diderot (1713-1784) Attempts to form first Encyclopedia First attempt to do so by anyone Completed encyclopedia Encyclopedia, or a systematic dictionary of the sciences, arts, and crafts Had over 70,000 articles Montesquieu (1689-1755) French Aristocrat Opposed Absolutism Admired the British Gov. Admired the Middle Ages Saw need for organized religion Government according to climate Closer to Equator, the worse the government gets Separation of Powers Executive, Legislative, Judicial Colonists Take To It Freedom from Tyranny Voltaire (1694-1778) Biting Sarcastic Enduring Wit Most Popular of all Philosophes Easy to Read Willing to be critical of state Thrown in Prison Time in Prison influenced writing Loved Louis XIV for being champion of the Arts Enemy of Intolerance
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