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AP psych chapter 4 study guide

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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Study Guide ? Absolute Threshold: The minimum stimulus intensity that an organism can detect for a specific type of sensory input. Just Noticeable Difference (JND): The smallest difference in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detect. The JND is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus. Subliminal: ?Below Threshold? Subliminal Perception: The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness. Signal Detection Theory: The detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity. Hits: Detecting signals when they are present. Miss: Failing to detect signals when they are present.

AP psych chapter 1/2 study guide

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Chapters 1 & 2 Study Guide: Evolution & Research Enterprise ? Chapter 1 Key People: Carl Rogers: One of the most prominent architects of the humanistic movement. He, along with Abraham Maslow, argues that human behavior is governed primarily by each individual?s sense of self, or ?self-concept? ? which animals presumably lack. He argued that in order to fully understand human behavior, psychologists must take into account the fundamental human drive toward personal growth. He asserted that people have a basic need to continue to evolve as human beings and fulfill their potentials.

Sensation and Perception

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Grant Clay Period 3 9/14/08 AP Psychology Outline Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Red ? Definition Blue - Important Points Green - Important People & Contributions Sensation ? The Stimulation of Sense Organs. Perception ? the Selection, Organization, and interpretation of Sensory Input. Psychophysics: Basic Concepts & Issues Psychophysics - Study of how physical stimuli are translated into Psychological Experience. Gustav Fechner Psychophysics Psychologists in 1860?s at University of Leipzig. Wilhelm Wundt based lots of research upon Fechner. Question: For any Given Sense, what is the weakest detectable Stimulus? Absolute Threshold ? Minimum Stimulus Intensity that an Organism can detect.

Variations in Consciousness

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AP Psychology Outline Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness ? Red?? Definition Blue?- Important Points Green?- Important People & Contributions ? Nature of Consciousness Consciousness ? the awareness of Internal and External stimuli. ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????i.??????You?re ?Stream of Consciousness? Zig-Zags in all directions. Variations in Levels of Awareness ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????i.??????Freud?s Arguments 1.????????Unconscious Needs, Wishes, and Conflicts influence Behavior and Feelings. 2.????????Conscious and Unconscious are Different Levels of Awareness. 3.????????Consciousness is not an All-Or-None process.

Learning

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Grant Clay Period 3 9/27/08 AP Psychology Outline Chapter 6: Learning Red ? Definition Blue - Important Points Green - Important People & Contributions Learning ? Any relatively durable Change in Behavior or Knowledge that is due to Experience. Conditioning ? Learning Associations between events that occur in an Organisms Environment. Classical Conditioning Phobias ? Irrational Fears of specific Objects or Situations. Classical Conditioning ? Type of Learning in which a Stimulus acquires the Capacity to Evoke a Response that was originally evoked by another Stimulus. Ivan Pavlov Pavlovian Conditioning Pavlov?s Dogs ? Prior to Dogs being Fed Meat, a Clicking Noise Occurred. Dogs started Salivating After awhile when the Click Occurred, prior to the Meat being given.

Memory

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Grant Clay Period 3 10/5/08 AP Psychology Outline Chapter 7: Memory Red ? Definition Blue - Important Points Green - Important People & Contributions Memory Encoding ? Forming Memory Code. Storage ? Maintaining Encoded Information in Memory over Time. Retrieval ? Recovering Information from Memory Stores. Forgetting is due to deficiencies in any of 3 Processes in Memory. Encoding: Getting Information into Memory Attention ? Focusing Awareness on a narrowed range of Stimuli or Events. You need to pay attention to Information if you intend to remember it. Focusing your attention in 2 or more places at once causes large reduction in memory performance and motor performance. Levels of Processing

Intelligence and Psychological Testing

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Grant Clay Period 3 10/19/08 AP Psychology Outline Chapter 9: Intelligence & Psychological Testing Red ? Definition Blue - Important Points Green - Important People & Contributions Key Concepts in Psychological Testing Psychological Test ? Standardized Measure of a Sample of a Person?s Behavior. Used to Measure Individual Differences. Types of Tests Mental Ability Tests Intelligence Tests ? Measure General Mental Ability. Aptitude Tests ? Measure Specific Types of Mental Abilities. Verbal Reasoning, Perceptual Speed, Accuracy, etc. Achievement Test ? Measure a Person?s Mastery and Knowledge of Various Subjects. Reading English, History, etc. Personality Tests ? Measure Various Aspects of Personality, including Motives, Interests, Values, and Attitudes.

Motivation and Emotion

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Grant Clay Period 3 10/25/08 AP Psychology Outline Chapter 10: Motivation & Emotion Red ? Definition Blue - Important Points Green - Important People & Contributions Motivational Theories & Concepts Motivation ? Involves Goal-Directed Behavior Drive Theories Homeostasis ? A State of Physiological Equilibrium or Stability. Drive ? An Internal State of Tension that Motivates an Organism to Engage in Activities that should Reduce this Tension. When you Experience Discomfort, An Internal Drive motivates you to Establish Homeostasis again. Drive Theories Don?t Explain All Motivation. Incentive Theory Incentive ? An External Goal that has the Capacity to Motivate Behavior. Incentive Theory revolves around External Stimuli, Not Internal like Drive Theory.

Personality

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Grant Clay Period 3 11/16/08 AP Psychology Outline Chapter 12: Personality Red ? Definition Blue - Important Points Green - Important People & Contributions Personality ? An Individual?s Unique Constellation of Consistent Behavioral Traits. Personality Trait ? Durable Disposition to Behave in a Particular Way in a Variety of Situations. Factor Analysis ? Raymond Cattell - Correlations Among many Variables are Analyzed to Identify Closely related Clusters of Variables. 5-Factor Model of Personality Traits Robert McCrae & Paul Costa Extraversion ? Outgoing, Sociable, Upbeat, Friendly, Assertive. Neuroticism ? Anxious, Hostile, Self-Conscious, Insecure, Vulnerable. Openness to Experience ? Curiosity, Flexibility, Imagitiveness, Artistic, Unconventional.

Stress, Coping, and Health

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Grant Clay Period 3 11/11/08 AP Psychology Outline Chapter 13: Stress, Coping, and Health Red ? Definition Blue - Important Points Green - Important People & Contributions Biopsychosocial Model ? Physical Illness is caused by an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Health Psychology ? How Psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness. Stress ? Any Circumstance that threatens or is perceived to threaten one?s well being and that thereby tax ones coping abilities. Stress has a Cumulative Nature. The Feeling of Stress depends upon how one interprets a situation. Acute Stressors ? Threatening Events that have a Relatively Short Duration and a clear Endpoint.

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