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Mental processes

AP Psych Notes

Subject: 
Psychology
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Dream
Mental processes
neuroscience
Neurophysiology
Parasomnias
Sleep
Non-rapid eye movement sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep
Lucid dream
Consciousness
Level of consciousness
Color

What influences our perception? Signal detection theory ? Predict how and when we detect the presence of an important stimulus (signal) over background stimulation (noise) ? Argues that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person?s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness o AKA= absolute threshold is subjective ? Goal is to find why people respond differently to the same stimuli and why the same person?s reaction vary as circumstances change. o How some teachers respond to text messages o Exhausted parents will hear slightest whimper of newborn baby Experiences matter! Schemata (schemas) creates?. ? Perceptual sets: the predisposition to perceive something in a certain way.

Psyc Notes

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Psychology
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Mind
Psychology
behavior
Freudian psychology
Mental processes
Human behavior
Behavioural sciences
Personal life
Defence mechanism
Coping
Stress
Personality psychology
health
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Attachment theory
Technology

CHAPTER 10 - Emotion and Motivation Emotion Emotions - positive or negative affective effects consist of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral reactions to events that have relevance to our goals Emotions are responses, while motivators are stimuli to action Adaptive Function of Emotions (Frederickson, 1998) Negative emotions narrow attention, enabling a response to threat through increased physiological activation Positive emotions broaden thinking and behavior, enabling exploration and skill learning Emotions as Social Communication They provide observable information about internal states and influence others? behavior toward us Emotions: Eliciting Stimuli Biological factors - We come equipped to respond to stimuli that may have evolutionary significance

Chapter 2 Test

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Psychology
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Mind
behavior
Psychology
Behaviorism
Developmental Psychology
Mental processes
Neuropsychological assessment
Experimental psychology
classical conditioning
Reinforcement
Sleep
Levels of consciousness

Levels of Consciousness preconscious- ideas are not in your awareness right now, but you could recall them if you had to unconscious (aka subconscious)- unavailable to awareness under most circumstances; info is hidden nonconscious- basic biological functions Altered States of Consciousness- in which a person?s sense of self or sense of the world changes. An example would be sleep. Circadian Rhythms- biological clocks Functions of Sleep- revive body, resist infection, recover from stress Biofeedback- a system that provides information about something happening in the body Classes of Drugs Depressants- drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system Alcohol Narcotics- relieve pain and induce sleep. Includes morphine, heroin, and codeine.

Perception Notes

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Psychology
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Mind
Perception
cognitive science
Psychology
Mental processes
Philosophy of mind
Neuropsychological assessment
neuroscience
Optical illusion
Just-noticeable difference
Psychophysics
Subliminal stimuli

Chapter 5: Perception October 26, 2013 Pg 152-173 Perception Perception ? the process through which sensations (from enviro) are interpreted, using knowledge & understanding of the world, so they become meaningful to us. Taking new sensation, filling in missing info/use past experiences to make sense/give meaning to what we feel, see, and hear The Perception Paradox Perception is automatic and effortless So easy to do, yet so hard to understand Perceptual failures ? perception of a stimuli is different than what it actually is Maj of knowledge about perception comes from studying this Partly b/c brain wants to interpret everything as 3D Three Approaches to Perception

Weiten Chapter 7

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Psychology
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Mind
memory
cognitive science
Mental processes
Recall
Encoding
Forgetting
Long-term memory
Decay theory
Short-term memory
Working memory
Declarative memory
health
Technology

Chapter 7: Human Memory Human Memory: Basic Questions How does information get into memory? How is information maintained in memory? How is information pulled back out of memory? Figure 7.2 Three key processes in memory Encoding: Getting Information Into Memory The role of attention Focusing awareness Divided attention Encoding: Getting Information into Memory The role of attention Levels of processing Incoming information processed at different levels Deeper processing = longer lasting memory codes Encoding levels: Structural = shallow Phonemic = intermediate Semantic = deep Figure 7.3 Levels-of-processing theory Enriching Encoding Elaboration = linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding Thinking of examples

Weiten Chapter 1

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Psychology
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Psychology
Mind
behavior
Behavioural sciences
Mental processes
Applied psychology
neuroscience
cognitive science
Clinical psychology
Behaviorism
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
health

Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology Why Study Psychology? Psychology is practical Psychology is a powerful way of thinking Psychology teaches a healthy respect for the complexity of behavior From Speculation to Science: How Psychology Developed Prior to 1879 Physiologists and philosophers studying questions about the mind Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) University of Leipzig, Germany Campaigned to make psychology an independent discipline Established the first laboratory for the study of psychology in 1879 Psychology was born Figure 1.1 Early Research Laboratories in North America The Battle of the ?Schools? Begins: Structuralism vs. Functionalism Structuralism ? Edward Titchener Analyze consciousness into basic elements

AP Psychology Study Guide & Vocabulary From Entire Year

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Psychology
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Mind
Psychology
behavior
Mental processes
Behaviorism
Neuropsychological assessment
Experimental psychology
learning
Social learning theory
Operant conditioning
Learning theory
memory

AP Psychology Grind Psychology: Science of behaviors and mental processes! Perspectives: Behaviorism- psychology should be an objective science, all behavior and no mental processes B.F. Skinner- Reinforcement, punishment, operant conditioning (Skinner Box) John B. Watson- ?Father of Behaviorism? Classical Conditioning (Baby Albert) Ivan Pavlov- Classical Conditioning- dog salivates to bell Edward Thorndike- The law of effect- rewarded behavior recurs, consequences Humanistic- emphasized on growth potential of healthy people, environment, kids need love Abraham Maslow- Hierarchy of Needs, self-actualization Carl Rogers- Client-centered therapy, unconditional positive regard, self theory, people have potential (acorn)

AP psych chapter 7 study guide

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Psychology
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Mind
memory
cognitive science
Mental processes
Recall
Encoding
Forgetting
Long-term memory
Short-term memory
Working memory
Motivated forgetting
Retrospective memory
Chapter 7 Study Guide: Human Memory Encoding: Forming a memory code. Attention: Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events. It is like a filter that screens out most potential stimuli while allowing a select few to pass through to conscious awareness. Selective Attention: Filtering out the potential stimulus around you to focus on a very narrow range of stimuli. Early-Selection: Suggests that the filter of attention is placed after sensory detection and before recognition of meaning. Late-Selection: Suggests that the filter is placed after recognition of meaning but before response selection (i.e. Cocktail Party Phenomenon). Levels-Of-Processing Theory: Proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes.

AP psych chapter 4 study guide

Subject: 
Psychology
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Mind
anatomy
nervous system
Perception
Auditory system
Sensory system
Ear
Mental processes
Sensation
Sense
Receptive field
Cochlea

Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Study Guide ? Absolute Threshold: The minimum stimulus intensity that an organism can detect for a specific type of sensory input. Just Noticeable Difference (JND): The smallest difference in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detect. The JND is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus. Subliminal: ?Below Threshold? Subliminal Perception: The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness. Signal Detection Theory: The detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity. Hits: Detecting signals when they are present. Miss: Failing to detect signals when they are present.

Memory

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Psychology
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Mind
cognitive science
memory
Mental processes
Forgetting
Long-term memory
Recall
Retrospective memory
Encoding
Decay theory
Prospective memory
Anterograde amnesia
health

Grant Clay Period 3 10/5/08 AP Psychology Outline Chapter 7: Memory Red ? Definition Blue - Important Points Green - Important People & Contributions Memory Encoding ? Forming Memory Code. Storage ? Maintaining Encoded Information in Memory over Time. Retrieval ? Recovering Information from Memory Stores. Forgetting is due to deficiencies in any of 3 Processes in Memory. Encoding: Getting Information into Memory Attention ? Focusing Awareness on a narrowed range of Stimuli or Events. You need to pay attention to Information if you intend to remember it. Focusing your attention in 2 or more places at once causes large reduction in memory performance and motor performance. Levels of Processing

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