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Molecular biology

psych lecture

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Biology
Molecular biology
Biochemistry
Molecular cloning
Polymerase chain reaction
CDNA library
Plasmid
Genomic library
Cloning vector
Genetics
Recombinant DNA
Restriction fragment

Chapter 20 Biotechnology Overview: The DNA Toolbox Sequencing of the human genome was completed by 2007 DNA sequencing has depended on advances in technology, starting with making recombinant DNA In recombinant DNA, nucleotide sequences from two different sources, often two species, are combined in vitro into the same DNA molecule Methods for making recombinant DNA are central to genetic engineering, the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes DNA technology has revolutionized biotechnology, the manipulation of organisms or their genetic components to make useful products An example of DNA technology is the microarray, a measurement of gene expression of thousands of different genes Fig. 20-1

AP Biology - What makes up life

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Chemistry
Nature
Polymer chemistry
Biochemistry
Molecules
Molecular biology
Functional groups
Condensation reaction
Monomer
Macromolecule
Hydrolysis
Properties of water

All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins nucleic acids Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms Molecular structure and function are inseparable A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks These small building-block molecules are called monomers Three of the four classes of life?s organic molecules are polymers: Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids A condensation reaction or more specifically a dehydration reaction occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule Enzymes are macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process

Transcription

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Proteins
Molecular genetics
Transcription
Polyadenylation
General transcription factor
Complementary DNA

DNA Transcription (Slide 20) The ?Central Dogma? - Crick 1958 DNA - RNA - Protein Proposed that this process could not go backwards The part of DNA that encodes for a protein (or RNA) is called a gene GENE: Functional unit of DNA that codes for one or more polypeptide chains or an RNA molecule Genome is not just genes, there are intervening sequences that don?t code for a protein Proteins are generated through transcription and translation How much protein is present can be regulated by the amount of transcription and/or translation Beta-catenine- high abundance in brain (A) but low abundance in muscle (B) DN A is transcribed by RNA polymerase One RNA polymerase in bacteria that does all the transcription CORE ENZYME: 2?, 1?, 1??

DNA Replication I

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DNA replication
Biology
Genetics
Molecular biology
Eukaryotic DNA replication
Ori
DNA polymerase
DNA
Replicon
Initiator protein
Processivity
Replisome

DNA Replication As the genetic information, DNA must be faithfully replicated and passed down to the next generation The structure of DNA immediately suggested a replication mechanism A strand of DNA can serve as a template for replication If you know one strand, you can determine the other What is the mechanism of replication? Meselson & Stahl used density centrifugation biomolecules will float or sink until they reach the point at which their density equals that of the gradient Meselson and Stahl?s results did not support the conservative replication model Using the same approach as Meselson and Stahl, how could you distinguish between these models? DNA replication initiates at Origins of Replication

Amino Acid II

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Chromatin
Histone
Nucleic acid double helix
Nucleosome
Nucleic acid
Transcription

Nucleic Acids, DNA Structure, and Chromosomes Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids One (NMP), two (NDP), three (NTP) phosphates 5 different bases: A, G, C (DNA and RNA), T (DNA), U (RNA) 2 different sugars: ribose (RNA), deoxyribose (DNA) Two kinds of 5-carbon sugars Five kinds of nitrogen containing bases The sugars and bases are linked through a glycosidic bond nucleoside = N-containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar (no phosphate) nucleotide = N-containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar & one or more phosphates Nucleotides are linked through phosphodiester bonds Link between nucleotides: 5? C of sugar - phosphate- 3? C of sugar (backbone) Variable portion: base

Amino Acid I

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Nucleosome
Nucleic acid
Transcription

Nucleic Acids, DNA Structure, and Chromosomes Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids One (NMP), two (NDP), three (NTP) phosphates 5 different bases: A, G, C (DNA and RNA), T (DNA), U (RNA) 2 different sugars: ribose (RNA), deoxyribose (DNA) Two kinds of 5-carbon sugars Five kinds of nitrogen containing bases The sugars and bases are linked through a glycosidic bond nucleoside = N-containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar (no phosphate) nucleotide = N-containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar & one or more phosphates Nucleotides are linked through phosphodiester bonds Link between nucleotides: 5? C of sugar - phosphate- 3? C of sugar (backbone) Variable portion: base

AP Biology Chapter 17 Questions

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Molecular biology
Translation
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Transfer RNA
Genetic code
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Chapter 17
AP Biology
chapter questions

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein The text for Chapter 17 has remained largely unchanged from the previous edition. However, one-third of the following questions are new, and considerably more are at the skill level of analysis and application. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following variations on translation would be most disadvantageous for a cell? A) translating polypeptides directly from DNA B) using fewer kinds of tRNA C) having only one stop codon D) lengthening the half-life of mRNA E) having a second codon (besides AUG) as a start codon Answer: A Topic: Concept 17.1 Skill: Application/Analysis 2) Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as alkaptonuria occur because

AP BIO Ch. 20 Study Guide

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Recombinant DNA
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Plasmid
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Index of genetic engineering articles
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AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 20 DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS PAGE 375 Mapping and sequencing of human genome has been accomplished Via recombinant DNA ?. Genes from two different sources Genetic engineering?? manipulaton of genes? Biotechnology ?..manipulation to make useful products? Microbes to make wine and cheese, selective breeding of livestock DNA Cloning Making multiple identical copies of gene-sized DNA A gene inserted into a plasmid Bacteria reproduces?.recombinant plasmid is replicated Diagram pg 376 Potential uses ?.. Produce a protein product Ex. Gene for human growth hormone Produce many copies of gene So the gene nucleotide sequence can be determined Or give an organism a new metabolic ability?.pest Resistance?.

AP Bio Campbell 8e chapter 17

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Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands. The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins. Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages called transcription and translation. Proteins are the links between genotype and phenotype. Concept 17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation The study of metabolic defects provided evidence that genes specify proteins. In 1909, Archibald Gerrod was the first to suggest that genes dictate phenotype through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in the cell.

Biology top ten

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Chemistry
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Nutrition
Molecular biology
Nitrogen metabolism
Proteins
Proteomics
Amino acid
Peptide
Properties of water
Enzyme
Active transport

Biology Top Ten Elizabeth Kim Natural selection acts on individuals; evolution acts on populations. Water?s polarity contributes to its properties of cohesion and adhesion. Functional groups determine a molecule?s properties ? acidity, baseness. Active transport requires input of free energy while passive transport does not. Each enzyme has a specific function due to distinct shapes of active sites and the substrates that fit into it. Protein is formed from polypeptide chains of their monomers ? amino acids. In early life, as organisms became exposed to a new environment with oxygen, they were able to use photosynthesis to acquire and use energy more efficiently for gaining resources.

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